Study plan

Aerodinamica, propulsione e strutture (percorso valido anche per il conseguimento del doppio titolo italo-francese o italo-venezuelano)

First year

Orientamento unico
Course		Semester	CFU	SSD
1021961 - GASDYNAMICS	To provide methodologies for the solution of steady and unsteady compressible flows over airfoils, wings and inside nozzles and air intakes.	First semester	9	ING-IND/06
1044962 - CONTROL SYSTEMS	The course is focused on the basic elements of the analysis and design of linear control systems.	First semester	9	ING-INF/04
1021947 - CONTROL OF AIR TRAFFIC	The Fourier series and the Fourier Transform are introduced to describe the signals used in the instruments adopted in Air Traffic Control in the frequency domain. Special attention is paid to the techniques of amplitude, phase and frequency modulation and demodulation. The most important parametres used to describe the antennas behaviour are introduced. The instrument adopted in Air Traffic Control for Navigation (Non Directional Beacons, VOR and DME) and Survellance (Primary and Secondary Radars) purposes are described in detail pointing out their performance. The ICAO organization is described.At the end of the course the student has got a deep knowledge of Air Traffic Control problems and instruments and is able to compute their performance, with special attention to their maximum range, the bandwidth of the signals used and the accuracies of the possible measures (range and azimuth)	First semester	9	ING-INF/03
AAF1147 - OTHER USEFUL SKILLS FOR INCLUSION IN THE WORLD OF WORK	OTHER USEFUL KNOWLEDGE FOR INCLUSION IN THE WORLD OF WORK	First semester	1
1022008 - AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES	The course training objective is to acquire the knowledge on analysis and design of aeronautical lightweight structures based on the prediction of their theoretical behavior and numerical simulation of their ordinary and critical performances in their different operating conditions in hostile thermo-mechanical-mechanical environments. In this context, particular attention is given to the innovative aspects of aeronautical design related to multi-disciplinary techniques of aerostructural analysis and design integrated with the other aeronautical engineering sectors. It is also an training objective of the course to enable students to use and develop software to analyze structural behavior and to design aeronautical structures, to evaluate and interpret their results; to acquire a capacity for scientific research as well as for engineering applications, to recognize, in a phase of aeronautical structural design and a production process, the moments in which the different methodologies, analysis tools and technologies come together into play.	Second semester	9	ING-IND/04
1021952 - DINAMICS OF FLIGHT	Aircraft Flight Dynamics describes the science and mathematics of aircraft motion in a three-dimensional space and links the aerodynamic, propulsion and structural sciences with the applied technologies of systems and avionics. Specific learning objectives: - Understanding the dynamics and control of aircraft with respect to design requirements - Ability to calculate, having understood the physical sense, the stability and control derivatives from the geometric and aerodynamic parameters of the plane - Understanding how and being able to use the mathematical description of the rigid body of aircraft - Ability to determine and understand the stability and control response characteristics of aircraft - Demonstrating of teamwork ability - Ability to solve problems with computational tools through knowledge, application and development of software codes and/or modern flight simulation codes.	Second semester	9	ING-IND/03
1021988 - AIRCRAFT ENGINES	To illustrate the most common approaches for the performance prediction of gas turbine engines both at on- and off-design conditions, with a special attention on highlighting the sensitivity of the performance parameters on the main design parameters. To illustrate simple concepts on the preliminary design of axial compressors and turbines.	Second semester	9	ING-IND/07

Second year

Orientamento unico
Course		Semester	CFU
- A SCELTA DELLO STUDENTE		Second semester	12
AAF1021 - Final exam	The final test consists in performing a theoretical thesis, experimental design or factual matters relating to the teachings of the Master of Science, to be developed under the guidance of a faculty member of the Council on Learning, in collaboration with public and private, manufacturing and service companies, research centers operating in the area of interest. During the preparation of the thesis, the student must, first, analyze the technical literature on the topic under study. Downstream of this phase, the student will, independently and according to the typology of the thesis:-propose solutions to the problem proposed with a modeling making it possible to analyze the response of the system in correspondence to variations in the characteristic variables of the system;-in the case of experimental work, develop a plan to allow the trial to obtain the desired results. -in the case of project work, dimension, including through the use of computer codes, an aircraft or part of it, highlighting the benefits achieved compared to existing solutions.	Second semester	23
24 CFU a scelta in B - Curriculum: Aerodinamica, propulsione e strutture		Go to group
6 CFU a scelta in C - Curriculum: Aerodinamica, propulsione e strutture		Go to group

Sistemi di volo e trasporto aereo (percorso valido anche per il conseguimento del doppio titolo italo-francese o italo-venezuelano o italo-portoghese)

First year

Orientamento unico
Course		Semester	CFU	SSD
1021961 - GASDYNAMICS	To provide methodologies for the solution of steady and unsteady compressible flows over airfoils, wings and inside nozzles and air intakes.	First semester	9	ING-IND/06
1044962 - CONTROL SYSTEMS	The course is focused on the basic elements of the analysis and design of linear control systems.	First semester	9	ING-INF/04
1021947 - CONTROL OF AIR TRAFFIC	The Fourier series and the Fourier Transform are introduced to describe the signals used in the instruments adopted in Air Traffic Control in the frequency domain. Special attention is paid to the techniques of amplitude, phase and frequency modulation and demodulation. The most important parametres used to describe the antennas behaviour are introduced. The instrument adopted in Air Traffic Control for Navigation (Non Directional Beacons, VOR and DME) and Survellance (Primary and Secondary Radars) purposes are described in detail pointing out their performance. The ICAO organization is described.At the end of the course the student has got a deep knowledge of Air Traffic Control problems and instruments and is able to compute their performance, with special attention to their maximum range, the bandwidth of the signals used and the accuracies of the possible measures (range and azimuth)	First semester	9	ING-INF/03
AAF1147 - OTHER USEFUL SKILLS FOR INCLUSION IN THE WORLD OF WORK	OTHER USEFUL KNOWLEDGE FOR INCLUSION IN THE WORLD OF WORK	First semester	1
1022008 - AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES	The course training objective is to acquire the knowledge on analysis and design of aeronautical lightweight structures based on the prediction of their theoretical behavior and numerical simulation of their ordinary and critical performances in their different operating conditions in hostile thermo-mechanical-mechanical environments. In this context, particular attention is given to the innovative aspects of aeronautical design related to multi-disciplinary techniques of aerostructural analysis and design integrated with the other aeronautical engineering sectors. It is also an training objective of the course to enable students to use and develop software to analyze structural behavior and to design aeronautical structures, to evaluate and interpret their results; to acquire a capacity for scientific research as well as for engineering applications, to recognize, in a phase of aeronautical structural design and a production process, the moments in which the different methodologies, analysis tools and technologies come together into play.	Second semester	9	ING-IND/04
1021952 - DINAMICS OF FLIGHT	Aircraft Flight Dynamics describes the science and mathematics of aircraft motion in a three-dimensional space and links the aerodynamic, propulsion and structural sciences with the applied technologies of systems and avionics. Specific learning objectives: - Understanding the dynamics and control of aircraft with respect to design requirements - Ability to calculate, having understood the physical sense, the stability and control derivatives from the geometric and aerodynamic parameters of the plane - Understanding how and being able to use the mathematical description of the rigid body of aircraft - Ability to determine and understand the stability and control response characteristics of aircraft - Demonstrating of teamwork ability - Ability to solve problems with computational tools through knowledge, application and development of software codes and/or modern flight simulation codes.	Second semester	9	ING-IND/03
1021988 - AIRCRAFT ENGINES	To illustrate the most common approaches for the performance prediction of gas turbine engines both at on- and off-design conditions, with a special attention on highlighting the sensitivity of the performance parameters on the main design parameters. To illustrate simple concepts on the preliminary design of axial compressors and turbines.	Second semester	9	ING-IND/07

Second year

Orientamento unico
Course		Semester	CFU	SSD
1021897 - FLIGHT ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS	The objectives of this module aim to provide the students with knowledge of technologies currently used in the air traffic control area, including taxi, take-off and landing. Items covered in the course are Air Traffic Control Radars, clutter cancellation, azimuth integration, meteo radars, ASMGCS systems for the control and guidance of all the aircrafts and vehicles moving in the airport. Finally an introduction will be given to avionics and instrumentation for the conduct of the flight.	Second semester	6	ING-INF/03
- A SCELTA DELLO STUDENTE		Second semester	12
AAF1021 - Final exam	The final test consists in performing a theoretical thesis, experimental design or factual matters relating to the teachings of the Master of Science, to be developed under the guidance of a faculty member of the Council on Learning, in collaboration with public and private, manufacturing and service companies, research centers operating in the area of interest. During the preparation of the thesis, the student must, first, analyze the technical literature on the topic under study. Downstream of this phase, the student will, independently and according to the typology of the thesis:-propose solutions to the problem proposed with a modeling making it possible to analyze the response of the system in correspondence to variations in the characteristic variables of the system;-in the case of experimental work, develop a plan to allow the trial to obtain the desired results. -in the case of project work, dimension, including through the use of computer codes, an aircraft or part of it, highlighting the benefits achieved compared to existing solutions.	Second semester	23
6 CFU a scelta in B tra 2 ins. - Curriculum: Sistemi di volo e trasporto aereo		Go to group		ING-IND/03
6 CFU a scelta in B tra 4 ins. - Curriculum: Sistemi di volo e trasporto aereo		Go to group
12 CFU a scelta in C tra 6 ins. - Curriculum: Sistemi di volo e trasporto aereo		Go to group

Optional Groups

**24 CFU a scelta in B - Curriculum: Aerodinamica, propulsione e strutture: The student must acquire 24 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1021720 - COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS	This course aims at providing the fundamentals concerning the numerical solution of the partial differential equations arising in aerodynamics.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/06
1041536 - AEROELASTICITY	The training scope of the course is to acquire knowledge on the fundamentals of aeroelasticity of aircraft in the linear field (vibrations of elastic-linear solids in linearized potential flows) based on the prediction of their theoretical behavior and numerical simulation in the different flight operating conditions. Consequently, the students acquire the skills to perform the analyzes (stability and response verifications in compliance with current regulations) of fixed-wing aircraft (divergence, flutter, response to the gust, response to command surfaces, effectiveness and inversion of commands) both via elementary aeroelastic models implemented through developed numerical codes, and via complex aeroelastic models of aircraft through the critical use of commercial codes.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/04
1041639 - AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS AND DESIGN	The aerodynamic theory is analyzed aimed at the aerodynamic design of a complete aircraft.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/06
1041540 - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES	The course is intended to identify the causes of chemical and noise emissions from aircraft engines, and the factors which can be exploited to contain them. Chemical emissions are dealt with in the more general frame of man-induced emissions of pollutants and contaminants, and ensuing effects are detailed. Sources of noise emissions are then identified, including non-propulsive ones, together with the relevant abatement techniques.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/07
1041535 - EXPERIMENTAL AERODYNAMICS	Theoretical knowledge and practice of methods and instruments employed in experimental fluid mechanics and aerodynamics.EXPECTED RESULTS: Those indicated in objectives	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/06
1041575 - EXPERIMENTAL TESTING FOR AEROSPACE STRUCTURES	Knowledge of the working principles and application of the main transducers used in the aerospace field. Application of the main methodologies for static and dynamic experimental investigation of aerospace structures aimed to support the civil aviation authority in structural verification and flight qualification.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/04
1052234 - TURBULENCE	Leading the student to the clear comprehension of the basic mechanisms of turbulence in free and wall bounded flows. Providing critical knowledge of turbulence models. Understanding the basic aspects of turbulent transport. Understanding the parameters controlling the stability of laminar flows and the mechanisms leading to turbulence transition.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/06
1041538 - COMBUSTION	At completion of the course, the student is expected to have become acquainted with the most significant processes in the combustion of gaseous mixtures, and with the relevant theoretical and numerical models.	Second year	Second semester	6	ING-IND/07
1055722 - AEROACOUSTICS	Understanding of the mechanisms of generation and propagation of aerodynamic noise, with special reference to aeronautical applications. Introduction to modern techniques for the numerical simulation of aerodynamically generated sound.	Second year	Second semester	6	ING-IND/06
1021817 - HYPERSONICS	To provide the basics of the hypersonic aerodynamics and the methodologies for the solution of hypersonic flows	Second year	Second semester	6	ING-IND/06
1051390 - THERMAL AND THERMOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF AEROSPACE STRUCTURES	The course aims to provide the theoretical basis for addressing the study of thermal and thermoelastic problems in aerospace structures, induced by the thermal environment of the missions of aeronautical and space systems, with particular attention to the radiative exchange phenomena. In addition, the technology relating to piezoelectric materials is introduced in the perspective of structural monitoring, the treatment of which is deeply interconnected with the thermoelastic one following a close analogy in the mathematical formulation.	Second year	Second semester	6	ING-IND/04

**6 CFU a scelta in C - Curriculum: Aerodinamica, propulsione e strutture: The student must acquire 6 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1041536 - AEROELASTICITY	The training scope of the course is to acquire knowledge on the fundamentals of aeroelasticity of aircraft in the linear field (vibrations of elastic-linear solids in linearized potential flows) based on the prediction of their theoretical behavior and numerical simulation in the different flight operating conditions. Consequently, the students acquire the skills to perform the analyzes (stability and response verifications in compliance with current regulations) of fixed-wing aircraft (divergence, flutter, response to the gust, response to command surfaces, effectiveness and inversion of commands) both via elementary aeroelastic models implemented through developed numerical codes, and via complex aeroelastic models of aircraft through the critical use of commercial codes.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/04
1021759 - CONTROL OF VIBRATIONS AND NOISE	Aim of the course is the knowledge and the understanding of the vibroacustic problems, by studying numerical techniques (FEM,BEM,SEA) to solve structural and acoustic coupling problems. Moreover, aim of the course is to provide the tools for the design of vibration and noise control systems.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/13
10589446 - CONTROL OF FLYING ROBOTS AND ROBOTIC SYSTEMS	The course presents a selection of advanced topics in Robotics and is intended as an introduction to research. At the end of the course the student will be able to: - fully develop a problem in Robotics, from its analysis to the proposal of solution methods and their implementation - understand major aspects in mathematical modeling and control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with main emphasis on quadrotors - recognize major features of the Hummingbird quadrotor - understand and design attitude and position controllers - analyze and manage algorithms for trajectory generation and tracking, and sensor-based control - understand and solve problems related to modelling and control of locomotion and haptic interfaces for VR exploration..	Second year	First semester	6	ING-INF/04
1041541 - AEROSPACE MATERIALS	The main aim is to allow the students to undersand the relationsip among innovation, technologies, materials, processes and products in the area of structural materials and materials for propulsion. A multidisciplinary approach the class of materials and their properties will be adopted in order to evidence and discuss tools available for materials/product selection and design by an engneering point of view.	Second year	Second semester	6	ING-IND/22
1044093 - Nonlinear analysis of structures	The course aims to complete the structural analysis from the point of view of the effects of nonlinearities. In particular, the theoretical and computational tools for the analysis of structures undergoing large displacement/rotations and deformations are provided with attention also to the constitutive nonlinearities.The ability to solve, compute and critically assess nonlinear problems in solids and structures. A solid grasp of the foundational elements of nonlinear theories along with the computational aspects.	Second year	Second semester	6	ICAR/08

**6 CFU a scelta in B tra 2 ins. - Curriculum: Sistemi di volo e trasporto aereo: The student must acquire 6 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD	Language
1011234 - HELICOPTER FLIGHT MECHANICS	The course covers fundamental aerodynamics concepts on the rotor, rigid blade dynamics for an articulated rotor and helicopter control and performance in various flight conditions. SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES - Describe the basic elements of aeromechanics and dynamics of the articulated rotor, including the main phenomenological aspects - Be able to develop and use a simple mathematical model of the rotorcraft aimed at performance analysis - Describe how the steady-state (trim) conditions of helicoprer flights are established - Be able to determine state and control variables in trimmed flight at different flight speed - Describe the main helicopter systems: rotor, engine, transmission, fuel, flight control - Describe the dynamic stability characteristics of helicopters - Be able to interpret the technological and design developments of rotary wing and/or hybrid vehicles - Be able to solve problems related to the aeromechanics of helicopters with the appropriate computational tools through the appplication of software and/or its development.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/03
1021800 - AIRCRAFT GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION	The purpose of this course is to provide the necessary procedures for determining the aircraft position, and for the calculation and planning of the aircraft trajectories in the framework of air navigation and guidance.	Second year	Second semester	6	ING-IND/03

**6 CFU a scelta in B tra 4 ins. - Curriculum: Sistemi di volo e trasporto aereo: The student must acquire 6 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1041639 - AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS AND DESIGN	The aerodynamic theory is analyzed aimed at the aerodynamic design of a complete aircraft.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/06
1041540 - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES	The course is intended to identify the causes of chemical and noise emissions from aircraft engines, and the factors which can be exploited to contain them. Chemical emissions are dealt with in the more general frame of man-induced emissions of pollutants and contaminants, and ensuing effects are detailed. Sources of noise emissions are then identified, including non-propulsive ones, together with the relevant abatement techniques.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/07
1011234 - HELICOPTER FLIGHT MECHANICS	The course covers fundamental aerodynamics concepts on the rotor, rigid blade dynamics for an articulated rotor and helicopter control and performance in various flight conditions. SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES - Describe the basic elements of aeromechanics and dynamics of the articulated rotor, including the main phenomenological aspects - Be able to develop and use a simple mathematical model of the rotorcraft aimed at performance analysis - Describe how the steady-state (trim) conditions of helicoprer flights are established - Be able to determine state and control variables in trimmed flight at different flight speed - Describe the main helicopter systems: rotor, engine, transmission, fuel, flight control - Describe the dynamic stability characteristics of helicopters - Be able to interpret the technological and design developments of rotary wing and/or hybrid vehicles - Be able to solve problems related to the aeromechanics of helicopters with the appropriate computational tools through the appplication of software and/or its development.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/03
1021800 - AIRCRAFT GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION	The purpose of this course is to provide the necessary procedures for determining the aircraft position, and for the calculation and planning of the aircraft trajectories in the framework of air navigation and guidance.	Second year	Second semester	6	ING-IND/03

**12 CFU a scelta in C tra 6 ins. - Curriculum: Sistemi di volo e trasporto aereo: The student must acquire 12 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1022771 - Artificial Intelligence I	The goal of the course is to present the basic elements of Artificial Intelligence. The student will be introduced to problem solving and automated search, knowledge representation and reasoning techniques, and the language PROLOG. Risultati di apprendimento attesi: After the course the student will be able to use such techniques to model and solve problems.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-INF/05
1021806 - AERONAUTICAL ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS	To know rules for industrial and commercial power system design. To know sizing and outlining procedures for: generators, transformers, distribution circuits, and electrical protection system. To know aerodrome power system characteristics. To know power system characteristics of a commercial airplane.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-IND/33
1009408 - AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURES	to achieve a specific training to enable the proper conduct of professional activities summarize some basic Knowledge of airport Engineering , through a specific application design of an airport system	Second year	First semester	6	ICAR/04
10589446 - CONTROL OF FLYING ROBOTS AND ROBOTIC SYSTEMS	The course presents a selection of advanced topics in Robotics and is intended as an introduction to research. At the end of the course the student will be able to: - fully develop a problem in Robotics, from its analysis to the proposal of solution methods and their implementation - understand major aspects in mathematical modeling and control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with main emphasis on quadrotors - recognize major features of the Hummingbird quadrotor - understand and design attitude and position controllers - analyze and manage algorithms for trajectory generation and tracking, and sensor-based control - understand and solve problems related to modelling and control of locomotion and haptic interfaces for VR exploration..	Second year	First semester	6	ING-INF/04
1041428 - Digital Control Systems	The course provides methodologies for the analysis of linear and nonlinear discrete time and sampled dynamics, the design of digital controllers with a major focus on linear systems, and implementation on embedded microcontrollers. The student will be able to compute digital models of given discrete time systems as well as digital discrete time equivalent models of continuous dynamics, to design digital control laws both for discrete and for continuous systems and to use standard microcontrollers for their implementation.	Second year	First semester	6	ING-INF/04
1055721 - HUMAN FACTORS	Analysis of the flight related effects on human beings, both for atmospheric as for extra-atmospheric flight, emphasizing some specific aspects as those related to the behavior of neurovegetative and sensorineural/cognitive systems, including flight related diseases. Human-machine interface will also be a topic to be covered, as many forms of ground-based simulation of the human flight environment, with the different effects that such exposures can generate, both in normals as in individuals affected with different diseases.	Second year	Second semester	6	MED/08

EDUCATIONAL REGULATIONS

Academic year 2018/19

Study programme in

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Degree Class LM 20 Aerospace and astronautics engineering

Educational regulations

The educational regulations of the Study Programme include two sections:

♣ Course catalogue

This section describes the educational path and illustrates its objectives. It also contains the Manifesto of the Study Programme.

♣ General regulations

This section includes the regulatory framework of the course catalogue and describes the general regulations regarding the administration of the students’ academic career.

Website of the Aerospace Engineering’s Educational Area Committee http://www.ingaero.uniroma1.it

Section I-Couse catalogue

Specific learning outcomes

The Masters Degree Programme in Aeronautical Engineering aims to provide students with advanced scientific and professional training with specific engineering skills that enable them to face complex problems associated with the analysis, development, simulation and optimization of the various components of a fixed wing or rotary wing aircraft. The education it provides is primarily aimed at developing the most advanced research and design tools and innovation in the aeronautics industry, and focuses on improving efficiency, reducing weight and chemical and noise pollution. These skills are achievable thanks the fact that the

two-year programme of the Masters Degree provides an education which expands upon the knowledge that the students have already acquired during the Bachelors Degree, especially from a methodology and practice point of view.

Description of the Programme

The educational Programme provides a first year which is common to all curricula, and is divided into 6 modules amounting to 54 credits. During the first year the programme focuses on reinforcing the students’ knowledge of the sectors that characterize aeronautical engineering (such as: compressible flow, aeronautical structures, flight dynamics, aeronautical engines), and provides the basis of subjects which are not tackled during the Bachelors Degree (such as control systems). During the second year there are two available curricula (which are organized in subject groups that can be chosen by the students). One of them is of a disciplinary nature (Aerodynamics, Propulsion and Structures, APS), the other one thematic (Flight Systems and Air Transport, SVTA). Student can select 5 modules of the above-described curricula to achieve a total of 30 credits.

An experimental programme has also been activated, which focus on rotary wing machine themes and which includes lessons regarding aircraft aerodynamics and design, Aeroelasticity, vibration and noise control, experimental testing for aerospace structures (APS curriculum) and Helicopter aviation mechanics (SVTA curriculum). The amount of hours that students must devote to personal study or for other individual educational activities amounts to at least 60% of the total number of hours required to obtain the Masters Degree.

The curriculum envisions:

- 85 credits to carry out core, characterizing, related or complementary educational activities and further educational activities

- 12 credits which are chosen by the student

- 23 credits awarded for the final exam.

The Masters Degree in Aeronautical Engineering is part of an Italian-French network which enables students to obtain the double-degree at the ISAE-SUPAERO in Toulouse. The agreement between Sapienza University and the French Institute defines the practical procedures that must be followed to obtain the qualification. For further information, please visit the International section of the website of the CAD (Educational Area Committee) of Aerospace Engineering: website: (www.ingaero.uniroma1.it )

Employment and professional opportunities for graduates

The professional opportunities for aeronautical engineers are those of advanced design, planning and programming, and management of complex systems in manufacturing or service companies, in public administrations and private practice.

The possible professions for the aeronautical engineer are:

- Designer and technical supervisor

- Product and product line manager

- Maintenance supervisor

- Expert in one or more sectors of the industry: aerodynamics, construction and structures, flight mechanics and flight systems, propulsion, radar and telecommunications

- Certification or quality assurance processes supervisor

The aeronautical engineer will be able to practice his/her profession in:

- Medium and large aircraft, helicopter, engine and flight system manufacturing companies, at a national and European level

- Small and medium-sized enterprises in the aerospace production chain, at a national and European level

- Consulting firms

- Public and private research centres

- Airline companies

- Aircraft maintenance companies

- Service companies, certification bodies

- Institutions dealing with the management and control of air traffic.

The aeronautical engineer, thanks his/her multidisciplinary knowledge and skills regarding advanced technologies, can also work in the space sector or in areas which do not regard aerospace, where product and process innovation play an important role; for example in automotive, shipbuilding and process industries. The solid preparation acquired by the students enables them to continue their education through Professional Masters and PhDs in Italy and abroad.

2018/19 MANIFESTO OF THE STUDIES

The educational plan is divided into two curricula:

• Aerodynamics, Propulsion and structures

• Flight Systems and Air Transport

FIRST YEAR (a. y. 2018/19)

SUBJECTS COMMON TO THE TWO CURRICULA

Subject, Language, Scientific disciplinary sector, Credits, Type of activity, Term

Compressible flow, IT, ING-IND / 06, 9, B, 1

Control systems, EN, ING-INF / 04, 9, C, 1

Air traffic control, IT, ING-INF / 03, 9, C, 1

Flight Dynamics, IT ING-IND / 03, 9, B, 2

Aeronautical engines, IT, ING-IND / 07, 9, B, 2

Aeronautical structures, IT, ING-IND / 04, 9, B, 2

SECOND YEAR (a. y. 2019/20)

CURRICULUM

AERODYNAMICS, PROPULSION AND STRUCTURES

Subject, Language, scientific disciplinary sector, credits, term, Typ, Path, Location

Optional group (24 credits)

Numerical aerodynamics, IT, ING-IND / 06, 6, 1, B, Aerodynamics, SPV

Aeroelasticity, EN, ING-IND / 04, 6, 1, B, Aerod./Structures (Helicopters), SPV Aircraft aerodynamics and design, EN ING-IND / 06, 6, 1, B, Aerod. (Elic.), SPV Combustion, EN, ING-IND / 07, 6, 1, B, SPV Propulsion SPV

Aeroacoustics, EN, ING-IND / 06, 6, 2, B, Aerod./Prop., SPV

Environmental impact of aircraft engines, EN, ING-IND / 07, 6, 2, B, Propulsion, SPV

Experimental aerodynamics, EN, ING-IND / 06, 6, 1, B, Aerodynamics, SPV

Experimental testing for aerospace structures, EN, ING-IND / 04, 6, 1, B, Structures (Elic.), SPV

Hypersonics, IT, ING-IND / 06, 6, 2, B, Aerodynamics, SPV

Thermal and thermoplastic analysis of aerospace structures, IT, ING-IND / 04, 6, 2, B, structures, SPV

Turbulence, EN, ING-IND / 06, 6, 1, B, Aerodynamics, SPV

Optional group (6 credits)

Aeroelasticity, EN, ING-IND / 04, 6, 1, C, Aerod./ Structures, SPV

Aerospace materials, EN, ING-IND / 22, 6, 2, C, Structures / Prop., SPV

Vibration and noise control, EN, ING-IND / 13, 6, 1, C , Structures (Elic.), SPV

Nonlinear analysis of structures, EN, ICAR / 08, 6, 2, SPV

Control of flying robots and robotic systems, EN, ING-INF / 04, 6, TBD C Aero / Structures, ARI

CURRICULUM

FLIGHT SYSTEMS AND AIR TRANSPORT

Subject, Language, disciplinary scientific sector, term, credits, typ., Path, Location

Flight assistance systems IT ING-INF / 03 6 2 C SPV

Optional group (6 credits)

Navigation and guidance avionics, EN, ING-IND / 03, 6, 2, B, Flight systems, SPV

Helicopter flight mechanics, IT, ING-IND / 03, 6, 1, B, Flight systhems (Elic.) SPV

Optional group (6 credits)

Aircraft aerodynamics and design, EN, ING-IND / 06, 6, 1, B, Air transport / flight systhems (Elic.), SPV

Environmental impact of aircraft engines, EN ING-IND / 07, 6, 2, B, Air transport, SPV

Navigation and guidance avionics, EN, ING-IND / 03, 6, 2, B, Flight systems, SPV

Helicopter flight mechanics, IT, ING-IND / 03, 6, 1, B, Sist. of flight (Elic.), SPV

Optional group (12 credits)

Artificial Intelligence, EN, ENG-INF / 05, 6, 1, C, Flight systems, ARI

Aeronautics electrical plants, IT, ING-IND / 33, 6, 1, C, Air transport, SPV

Airport infrastructure, IT, ICAR / 04, 6, 1, C, Air transport, SPV

Control of flying robots and robotic systems, EN, ING-INF / 04, 6, 1, C,

Flight systems, ARI

Digital Control Systems, EN, ING-INF / 04, 6, 1, C, Flight systems, ARI

Human factors, EN, MED / 08, 6, 2, C, flight systems, SPV

Other common activities

Assessment, credits, Type of activity

Exams chosen by the student E, 12, D

Other educational activities V, 1, AAF

Final test 23, E

Key:

IT: subject taught in Italian; EN: subject taught in English.

Type of activity: A core, B characterizing, C related and complementary, D chosen by the student,

E related to the final exam, AAF other educational activities (art 10, paragraph 1 letter d), E internships and placements.

Assessment: E grade awarding exam, V pass/fail system

Location: SPV via Eudossiana 18, ARI via Ariosto 25.

Subjects chosen by the students

Regarding 12 credits which can be chosen by the students, students will have the opportunity of selecting subjects among the lessons offered by the Study Programme which are not already included in their curriculum, or among the subjects of the Masters Degree in Space and Astronautics Engineering or in similar fields provided by other Masters Degree programmes. The Educational Area Committee (CAD) must approve the selected subjects assessing the coherence with the students’ educational path.

Tutoring services

The study programme provides tutoring services which are made available by the Faculty. The teachers Renato Paciorri, Mauro Valorani and Giuliano Coppotelli undertake tutoring and support of students. The hours in which they receive students are published on the Degree Programme website.

Section II - General regulations

Admission requirements

Students wishing to enrol in the Masters Degree Programme in Aeronautical Engineering must hold a three-year Bachelors Degree or another qualification obtained in Italy or abroad and regarded as suitable in accordance with the current legislation. Students must also possess specific curricular requisites and demonstrate their personal preparation.

A) Candidates who possess an Italian qualification regulated by the 270/04 or 509/99 Ministerial Decree order

• Curricular requirements

a) For students with a weighted average, (calculated on the basis all the acquired credits to obtain the first level degree with a score indicated in thirtieths), equal to or higher than 22/30 and lower than 24/30, the required curricular requisites are:

- Having achieved a minimum number of credits in the following scientific disciplinary sectors:

Credits, Scientific disciplinary sectors

39, MAT / 03- / 05- / 06- / 07- / 08, FIS / 01, CHIM / 07

25, ING-IND / 08- / 09 / -10- / 11- / 13- / 14- / 15- / 22- / 31, ICAR / 08, ING-INF / 01- / 02- / 03- / 04- / 05

27, ING-IND / 03- / 04- / 05- / 06- / 07

Please Note: the student who does not meet the requirements will have to sit exams assigned by the Admissions Committee.

b) For students with a weighted average equal to or higher than 24/30 and lower than 27/30, the required curricular requisites are:

- Having achieved a minimum number of credits in the following scientific disciplinary sectors:

Credits, Scientific disciplinary sectors

39, MAT / 03- / 05- / 06- / 07- / 08, FIS / 01, CHIM / 07

25, ING-IND / 10- / 11- / 13- / 15- / 22- / 31, ICAR / 08, ING-INF / 01- / 02- / 03- / 04- / 05

27, ING-IND / 03- / 04- / 05- / 06- / 07- / 08- / 09- / 14

Please Note: the student who does not meet the requirements will have to sit single exams assigned by the Admissions Committee.

c) For students with a weighted average equal to or higher than 27/30, the required curricular requisites are:

- Having acquired a Degree in the L-9 "Industrial Engineering" Degree class DM 270/04, or in the 10 "Industrial Engineering" Degree Class DM 509/99

- Alternatively, having achieved an established minimum number of credits in the following Scientific disciplinary sector

Credits, Scientific disciplinary sectors

39, MAT / 03- / 05- / 06- / 07- / 08, FIS / 01, CHIM / 07

42 in any of the following: ING-IND, ING-INF / 01- / 02- / 03- / 04- / 05

181, ING-IND / 03- / 04- / 05- / 06- / 07- / 08- / 09- / 14

(1) Among the 42 of the previous group

Please Note: students who do not meet the requisites will have to sit exams assigned by the Admissions Committee.

Students referred to in paragraphs b) and c) should compare their curriculum with the Educational Regulations of the Degree programme in Aerospace Engineering and with the Syllabus (in annex), and if necessary proceed to complete their preparation.

The curricular entry requirements are automatically met by:

- graduates from the Aerospace Engineering Degree programme, L-9 "Industrial Engineering" Degree class DM 270/04, of Sapienza University

- graduates from Aerospace Engineering Degree Programme, L-10 "Industrial Engineering" Degree class DM 509/99, of Sapienza University.

Evaluation of the personal preparation of the students

Candidates with a weighted average equal to or higher than 22/30 in their Bachelors Degree are admitted.

B) Candidates who possess a qualification obtained abroad or an Italian qualification which is not regulated by the 270/04 or 509/99 Ministerial Decree order.

The evaluation of the personal preparation and curricular requisites will be carried out by the Admissions Committee which will examine the study curriculum of the students, their motivation and any other relevant element of assessment that the students may present, such as study periods abroad, traineeships and work experience. Candidates may called for an interview by the Admissions Committee.

Transfers and procedures for the evaluation of study periods abroad

If a student transfers from another University, from another Faculty of Sapienza University or from another Study Programme, the Educational Area Committee will usually not recognize more credits than those of the Scientific disciplinary sectors foreseen by the Manifesto of Studies. If they decide to do so, they will not recognize more than 12 credits for Scientific disciplinary sectors that are not provided for by the Studies Manifesto. In compliance with the University Educational Regulations, the Educational Area Committee will examine the programmes of the students who have studied, sat exams or obtained academic qualifications abroad to assign credits in the corresponding Scientific disciplinary sectors. The exams sat in European or foreign universities, with which Sapienza University shares agreements, projects and / or arrangements, are recognized in accordance to the arrangements established in the agreements. Students may, after being authorized by the Educational Area Committee, carry out a period of studies abroad as part of the Erasmus + project. For information regarding the opportunities to study abroad, please visit the International section on the Educational Area Committee website (www.ingaero.uniroma1.it )

If the Educational Area Committee decides to reintegrate a student who has not renewed his/her enrolment and/or sat exams for many years, the student will be enrolled in the newest Decree order, and will have all or part of his/her achieved credits recognized.

Information regarding transfer procedures, credit recognition and reintegration can be found in the University Manifesto of Studies, in the “Student administrative affairs ” section on the Education Area Committee website.

Student withdrawal

In the event of a student withdrawal, the Education Area Committee may decide to reintegrate him/her in the newest Decree order The student will have all or part of his/her achieved credits recognized. For the reintegration procedure please refer to the University Manifesto of Studies.

Credit recognition

According to current legislation, The Education Area Committee can recognize the certified professional knowledge and skills acquired by the students as credits, as well as the knowledge and skills gained by them in post-secondary training activities (when the University is involved in the planning and implementation). These credits usually correspond to part of the 12 credits of the study programme that may be chosen by the student. In any case, the maximum number of credits which can be recognized for these activities is 6.

Teaching modalities

The educational activities are conventional and are organized in terms.

Lessons are provided through lectures, classroom exercises, laboratory activities and team work, and the schedule of these activities is organized so to allow the students a reasonable amount of time to dedicate to their personal study. The usual lenght of the Study Programme is of 4 semesters, which is equivalent to two years.

The student is considered to be "behind in his studies" when he/she has attended the entire Study Programme but has not graduated in time or has failed all the necessary exams to be admitted to the final exam.

• University credits

The university credit (CFU) measures the amount of work that must be undertaken by a student to achieve an educational goal. Students acquire credits by passing exams (when required) for which either a grade is awarded or a simple pass/fail system prevails.

The credit system adopted in Italian and European universities establishes that a credit corresponds to 25 hours of work. The credits are distributed amongst the provided collective training activities (for example: lessons, exercises, laboratory activities) and the student’s personal study time. During the Study Programme in Aeronautical Engineering, in accordance with art. 23 of the University’s Academic Regulations, a credit corresponds to 10 hours of lectures, or 12 hours of laboratory activities or guided exercises. The description of each subject, which can be consulted on the Educational Area Committee website, shows how the credits are distributed and the teaching hours of the various activities, together with the prerequisites, the educational outcomes and the programme. The total workload which must be undertaken to graduate is of 120 credits, which corresponds to 3,000 hours.

The percentage of time which must be dedicated to personal study or to other individual training activities, amounts to at least 60% of the total workload.

• Educational calendar

Usually, the calendar envisions a:

-First term: from the end of September to December

- First exam session: January

- Second exam session: February

- Second term: from the end of February to May

- Third exam session: June

- Fourth exam session: July

- Fifth exam session: September.

The details regarding beginning and end of each term and of each exam session are published on the website www.ingaero.uniroma1.it (Calendar section). The periods dedicated to lessons and exams cannot overlap. Nevertheless there are two extraordinary exam sessions, usually in October-November and in March-April, which are reserved specifically for all students “behind in their studies” and for students who have fulfilled all the requirements to graduate.

• Attendance

Attendance is not mandatory except for the courses in Experimental Aerodynamics and Experimental Testing for Aerospace Structures.

• Evaluation of learning

The learning assessment for each subject is usually held through exams (E) that can include oral and / or written tests according to procedures defined by the teacher and communicated to the students together with the programme. For some activities there is no exam, but a simple “pass/fail” assessment (V). Also in this case the evaluation procedures are established by the teacher.

Programmes and procedures for learning evaluation

The Programmes of the subjects and the exam procedures can be consulted on the website of the Educational Area Committee of Aerospace Engineering (www.ingaero.uniroma1.it) in the “Study Programme” section.

Educational programmes

Each student must obtain an official approval of his/her educational path from the Education Area Committee before registering the exam results related to the non-compulsory subjects. If he/she does not do so, the related exam report may be cancelled.

More specifically, the Education Area Committee establishes whether the subjects chosen by the students are consistent with the educational Programme. Students are required to submit their study plan (educational programme function on Infostud) at the beginning of the first year [approximately between December and January and more specifically during the periods that are indicated on the website (www. ingaero.uniroma1.it ) of the Education Area Committee of Aerospace Engineering (News section)]. The study plan can be submitted again over the following years (in November) to propose changes to curriculum and / or exams. The system provides for the approval of only one study plan per academic year.

Admission to second year exams

To sit second year exams, the student must have acquired at least 27 credits in first year subjects.

Anticipating exams

In order to complete the 60 credits workload of the first year, the student can decide to anticipate one of the orientation subjects or one of the subjects that may be chosen by the students. Please check the “administrative affairs section” on the Educational Area Committee website to get to know the procedures to anticipate exams.

Part-time students

Students who are enrolling and students who are already attending the Study Programme can opt for the part-time solution, achieving a lower number of annual credits than those expected. It is advisable to students to switch to the part-time solution when they enrol knowing already that they have only a reduced amount of time to devote to their studies, or if they are behind with their studies. The terms and conditions for requesting the part-time solution, as well as the related regulations are described in the University Manifesto of studies and can be consulted on the Sapienza University website (http://www.uniroma1.it/didattica/regolamenti/part- time )

Excellence programme

The Educational Area Committee of Aerospace Engineering creates an Excellence programme for all of the Study Programmes to enhance the education of deserving students who are interested in the methodological and practical study of the sector. The programme consists of educational activities, which are added to the regular ones provided by the curriculum. The programme rewards students that during the first year of the study Programme, have proved to be particularly deserving.

Admission to the Excellence Programme takes place when requested; and the requisites are:

- Having acquired all of the first year credits by the 30^th of November

- Having achieved of a weighted average of 27.5 / 30 or higher. In general, the grades achieved by the students cannot be lower than 24/30 in any of the exams.

Provided that the Excellence Programme student has obtained his/her Degree within the time limits established by the Study Programme, he/she will receive a special certificate that will be recorded in his/her study career documentation. Together with the certificate, the University grants the student a prize which is equal to the amount of the fees he/she paid during the last year of studies. The terms and conditions to apply to the programme are indicated on the Educational Area Committee website (Excellence programme section). In this section students can also monitor the call for applications and download the facsimile of the application form.

Final exam

The final exam consists of a presentation and discussion of a dissertation in front of a Committee appointed especially for the occasion. During the dissertation the student will discuss the results achieved while carrying out his/her theoretical, experimental, project or compilatory thesis on topics related to the lessons of the Study Programme. The dissertation must be developed during a period of time which is compatible with the assigned credits, and under the guidance of a professor of the Aerospace Engineering Educational Area Committee, also in collaboration with public and private institutions, manufacturing and service companies, or research centres operating in the sector. 23 credits are awarded for the final exam. The final grade is based on the evaluation of the average of the grades obtained during the years, and the dissertation and final discussion. The Graduation Committee announces the final grade. The maximum number of points are one hundred and twelve. If the majority of the Committee agree, the student can be granted the highest mark which corresponds to 110/110 cum laude.

Internship

Instead of the final exam, the student can decide to undertake an internship, for which credits are awarded. When the internship is approved, an academic tutor is appointed among the teachers of the Educational Area Committee, as well as a tutor from the company who will follow the development of the internship. The evaluation of the results is made by the academic tutor.

Quality Assessment

The study programme, in collaboration with the University, helps to detect the opinion of the students attending all the programmes. The survey system is integrated with a quality programme whose responsibility is entrusted to a self-assessment group made up by teachers, students and staff of the Study Programme. The results of the surveys and the analysis of the self-assessment group are used to undertake improvement actions for the educational activities.

Attachment

Syllabus

The Syllabus aims to inform incoming students about the knowledge, skills and abilities required to succeed in the educational Programme in Aeronautical Engineering, so that they can verify and, when needed, adapt their own preparation to the requirements.

Mathematics and numerical methods

Trigonometry: trigonometric functions, Pythagorean theorem, transformation formulas for angles, Euler's formula.

Analytic geometry: Cartesian coordinate systems, equations and curves, distances, angles, intersections of geometric objects. Tangents and normal to a curve. Changing coordinate systems.

Mathematical Analysis: limits, continuity, differential calculus; integral calculus; series and progressions; partial and directional derivatives; vector-valued functions; definite, indefinite and improper integrals; curvilinear integrals; multiple integrals; surface integrals; differential operators: gradient, divergence, rotor; vector identity; the theorems of Gauss, Green and Stokes, divergence.

Linear algebra: matrix calculus, systems of linear equations; eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

Ordinary differential equations: first order linear and non-linear equations; of second order linear equations, Euler equations; initial value problem.

Numerical methods: finding multiple roots of linear and non-linear algebraic equations, quadrature methods; derivative-free optimization.

Elements of programming: any programming language (preferred: Matlab, Fortran, Mathematica).

Chemistry

Atomic structure of matter; periodic properties of elements; intermolecular and intramolecular forces; physical and chemical changes reactions and related energy changes; chemical, ionic and solubility equilibrium; basic concepts of chemical kinetics and electrochemistry; chemical corrosion fundamentals.

Physics and analytical mechanics

Physical quantities, units of measurement and scientific method: measurement theory, elements of probability theory, theory of errors.

Classical mechanics of a material point, material points and rigid body system dynamics: Newton's laws, cardinal equations and conservation principles.

Macroscopic systems and thermodynamic principles: temperature and heat, first and second law of thermodynamics.

Force fields: gravitational field and electrostatic field.

Basic laws of electromagnetism: Maxwell’s equations.

Waves and vibrations: elastic and electromagnetic wave propagation and oscillation.

Analytical mechanics and Lagrange’s equations.

Materials science

Main material types, properties, analytical relations for the selection / dimensioning / treatment according to the conditions of stress and basic operating conditions.

Crystalline and amorphous materials (solids); deformability, viscoelasticity, recovery and recrystallization, binary phase diagrams, solid state diffusion. Mechanical and physical properties, metallic materials (steel, aluminium alloys, superalloys, touching upon titanium-magnesium alloys), correlations between microstructure, processes and properties. Ceramic materials, mechanical testing and Weibull statistics. Thermal shock. Polymeric materials and polymer matrix composites. Chemical degradation of materials, causes and prevention. Degradation due to erosion, cladding. Performances indices for materials selection.

Electrotechnics

Electric circuits and electrical network analysis: static regime, sinusoidal periodic regime, voltage and electricity sources, single-phase power electric systems, three-phase electric power systems. Electromechanical energy conversion. Basic principles of electric machines functioning: transformers, engines, generators.

Touching upon production, distribution and use of electricity.

Engineering design and applied mechanics

Velocity and acceleration analysis of plane mechanisms. Forces acting in mechanical systems and dynamic analysis. Forces exchanged in the main types of friction devices (brakes and clutches) and in the main devices for motion transmission and transformation (mechanisms, hoses, gears, wheelwork). Mechanical characteristics of prime mover and operating machines; behaviour of systems composed by motor directly paired with an operating machine, through a gearbox and / or a friction clutch. One-degree-of-freedom vibrating systems. N-Degree-of-Freedom vibrating systems. Knowledge of Engineering drawing and the related International Standards Organization (ISO) regulations. Basic knowledge of mechanical modelling of solids.

Solid mechanics

Kinematics and statics of deformable solids: descriptors of motion and deformation, descriptors of internal forces (stress), conservation laws, constitutive relations and linear elastic solids. The Saint Vénant problem. Static analysis of beam systems: stress-strain diagrams (shear force, bending moment and displacement).

Telecommunications

Description of signals in time and frequency domain; transit of the signals in the systems; thermal noise. Principles of analogue and digital modulation / demodulation. Operating principles of radar and remote sensing systems for surveillance and imaging technologies. Radio communication : free space propagation and basic characteristics of the transceivers.

Aerodynamics:

Fundamental concepts of fluid dynamics: Equations governing fluid flow in integral and differential form.

Irrotational and incompressible flows: Theorems of Kelvin and Helmholtz, Bernoulli’s equation, elementary solutions and superposition of solutions.

Profiles and wings: classification and characteristics of profiles, high lift wing-bodies and lift augmentation devices; Kutta-Joukowski's theorem; lift generation; thin airfoil theory, finite wing theory, induced aerodynamic drag.

Viscous flow: laminar boundary layer on flat plates, boundary layer separation, touching on turbulence and transition.

Introduction to compressible flow concepts: compressibility of a fluid, speed of sound; one-dimensional stationary flows, isentropic flows, normal shock wave.

Flight mechanics and systems

Physical properties of the atmosphere, reference atmosphere, pressure altitude; equivalent, calibrated and indicated speed.

Classification of aircrafts. Configurations and architecture of fixed wing aircraft; control surfaces. Main instruments: altimeter, Airspeed indicator (ASI), Vertical Speed indicator (VSI), turn and bank indicator. Aerodynamic angles. Basic propeller principles.

Performance analysis: polar curve of the aircraft, available thrust and power required, take off and landing, ascending and descending flight, fuel consumption and autonomy, flight recall and aircraft in bank turn. Balancing, load factor and manoeuvring diagram.

General information on the main structures and systems on board of commercial aircrafts: flight control system, engine control unit, environmental control systems, fuel system, hydraulic system, air equipment.

Propulsion

Fundamentals of thermochemistry. Fundamentals of heat transfer. Thermodynamic cycles: Carnot, Brayton, Diesel, Otto. Gas turbine engines cycles. Performance parameters of aeronautical engines. Air intakes and propelling nozzles for aeronautical engines. Combustion and post-combustion chambers. Internal combustion Aeronautical engines.

Aeronautical Structures

Stress and deformation: equilibrium equations, constitutive bonds for linear elastic solids, deformation displacement kinematic bond, compatibility equations, plane stress and strain (Airy stress function). Aeronautical structures: loading scenarios and aircraft manoeuvring system diagram

General characteristics of aeronautical structures and materials: elementary structural elements (axial members, shear stress panels, flexural and torsional elements), load transfer in wing and fuselage structures, metal materials and composites. Stress flow in thin-walled structures. Peak load for beams. Breaking criteria. Structural dynamics: free and forced vibrations for discrete systems. Damping and resonance.