Course program
Course Objectives
The course aims to provide students with fundamental knowledge of the main techniques used for the recognition and characterization of biologically active substances of pharmaceutical interest. To this end, the course includes theoretical lectures and individual laboratory exercises.
Course Content
• Pharmacopoeia: Italian Official Pharmacopoeia and European Pharmacopoeia.
• Physical state and intermolecular forces.
• Solubility and acid-base properties. Volumetric analysis: determination of olive oil acidity; determination of citric acid content in lemon juice; determination of acetylsalicylic acid content in tablets according to the Pharmacopoeia.
• Physical constants – Melting point. Determination of melting point using the capillary method, open capillary method, instantaneous melting method, and Kofler method. Determination of melting point in mixtures.
• Density. Definition of absolute and relative density. Determination using a pycnometer and densimeter.
• Refractometry. General principles and measurement with the Abbe refractometer.
• Polarimetry. General principles. Chiral and achiral molecules, assignment of stereogenic carbon configuration. Chemical properties of enantiomers and physical properties of stereoisomers. Optical activity, polarized light, basic polarimeter design, and optical purity.
• Preliminary examination of substances. Physical state, color, odor, and taste.
• Behavior under calcination. Identification of inorganic, organic, and organometallic substances.
• Identification of inorganic substances. Cation identification (dry and wet methods) and anion identification (wet method).
• Qualitative elemental analysis. Lassaigne’s test.
• General tests. Detection of aromatic character and unsaturation.
• Recognition of functional groups.
• Primary and secondary metabolites. Phytochemical screening.
• Chromatography. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
• Overview of instrumental methods. IR spectroscopy, HPLC, NMR.
• Laboratory safety.
Books
Savelli, F.; Bruno, O. Pharmaceutical chemical analysis. 2005. Piccin (ing)
Carta, A.; Mamolo, M. G.; Novelli, F.; Piras, S. qualitative pharmaceutical analysis. 9th edition, 2016. Edises (ing)