Dental Hygiene

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND OPERATIONS WITH VECTORS The concept of physical quantity and its measurement, units of measurement; direct and indirect measurement; the experimental method; base and derived quantities; orders of magnitude; multiples and submultiples; conversion of units; dimensional formula; errors in measurement, random and systematic errors; instrument parameters: sensitivity, accuracy, promptness; scalars and vectors; basic operations with vectors: adding vectors, subtracting vectors, multiplication by scalars; scalar product. MECHANICAL Kinematics: the linear motion; average and instantaneous velocity; the uniformly accelerated linear motion; the displacement, velocity and acceleration as vectors; tangential and radial acceleration; uniform circular motion. Dynamics: force as a vector quantity; Newton’s first, second and third law of motion; mass and weight; friction, centripetal force and elastic force. Statics: rigid body, centre of mass; equilibrium of rigid bodies; moment of a force; the levers. WORK AND ENERGY Work, energy and power; kinetic energy; conservative and non conservative forces; potential energy: gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy; principle of conservation of mechanical energy. FLUID MECHANICS Statics: fluids; pressure; density; the hydrostatic pressure; Pascal’s principle; Stevin's law; atmospheric pressure. Dynamics: ideal fluids and steady-state condition; flow rate, continuity equation and biological applications; Bernoulli’s equation and applications; real fluids; laminar and turbulent flow; viscosity and Poiseuille’s law; circulation of the blood. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Electric charge and Coulomb's law; electric field and voltage; equipotential surfaces; behavior of conductors in the electrostatic field; electric current; resistance and Ohm's law; thermal effect of current and electric power. Magnetic properties of matter; magnetic poles; magnetic field; the geomagnetic field; forces between magnets and currents; forces between currents; the intensity of the magnetic field. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Propagation of the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic waves; the electromagnetic spectrum. WAVES Definition, classification and types of waves; wave front; impulsive, periodic, harmonic waves; the characteristic quantities of a wave: amplitude, period, wavelength, frequency; wave propagation. OPTICS The light and electromagnetic waves; geometrical and physical optics; absorption, reflection, refraction; scattering of light in prism; diffraction; optical systems: the mirrors, converging and diverging lenses. Applications: optical microscope; resolving power; the physics of the eye. ACOUSTICS The sound: emission, propagation and reception of sound; sound pressure; speed of sound; pitch, timbre and loudness of sound; power and intensity of an acoustic source; audible frequencies; absorption, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference of sound waves; Doppler effect; the decibel (dB) scale; the physiology of hearing and the physics of the ear. THERMODYNAMICS Temperature, thermal equilibrium; temperature scales; absolute temperature; thermometers; internal energy; Joule's experiment; transfer of heat: conduction, convection and radiation; thermal conductors and insulators; specific heat and heat capacity; changes of state; latent heats; Boyle’s law and Gay-Lussac’s laws; ideal gas law; kinetic theory of gases; laws of thermodynamics.

Teaching materials provided by the instructor (slides, handouts) and selected sections of reference textbooks indicated during the lectures.