Nursing REPLICA ASL ROMA 2

The course is divided into the following topics: 1. Fundamentals of Endocrinology and Metabolism -Introduction to the endocrine system: hormones, mechanisms of action, and feedback loops. -General Pathophysiology of the endocrine system: hyperfunction, hypofunction, hormonal resistance. -Nutrient Metabolism: Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; regulation of energy balance. 2. Diabetes Mellitus -Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. -Diagnostic criteria and classification. -Therapy: Insulin (types, administration methods, education), oral and injectable non-insulin antidiabetic drugs. -Management and prevention of acute complications (Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State) and chronic complications (micro- and macrovascular). -Nursing aspects in glucose monitoring and therapeutic education. 3. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis -Anatomy and physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. -Pituitary Disorders: Adenomas (e.g., Prolactinomas, Acromegaly), Hypophysitis, Diabetes Insipidus. -Nursing care for neurosurgical patients and in the management of hormone replacement therapies. 4. Thyroid Pathologies -Pathophysiology of thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation. -Hypothyroidism (e.g., Hashimoto's Thyroiditis) and Hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves' Disease): clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. -Thyroid Nodules and Carcinoma. 5. Adrenal Pathologies Physiology of the adrenal cortex and medulla (Cortisol, Aldosterone, Catecholamines). Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome) and Hypocortisolism (Addison's Disease, Adrenal Crisis). Hyperaldosteronism and Pheochromocytoma. Nursing aspects in the management of adrenal crisis and steroid replacement therapy. 6. Pathologies of the Reproductive System Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis: sexual development and gonadal function. Male gonadal pathologies: Hypogonadism, Male sexual disorders Female gonadal pathologies: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), Female Hypogonadism, Female sexual disorders. Principles of nursing care related to diagnostic tests and hormonal therapies.

The student should have basic knowledge in the following disciplines: Human Anatomy: Structure and location of endocrine glands. Human Physiology: homeostasis, function, and regulation of main organ systems, including basic metabolic cycles. General Pathology: Concepts of etiology, pathogenesis, inflammation, and basic mechanisms of disease. General Pharmacology: Principles of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

Teaching material provided by the instructor (slides, scientific articles, guidelines). Any Internal Medicine Textbook for Nursing Sciences (e.g., Antonelli Incalzi.), with particular reference to the Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases chapters.

For Endocrinology, learning assessment will be carried out through oral assessment, which will consist in short open-ended questions to ascertain knowledge of the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of the main endocrinopathies. In order to graduate with credits, the student will undergo further assessment involving discussion of a clinical case or in-depth exploration of specific syllabus topics to assess the ability to apply theoretical knowledge to the care context and formulate an autonomous judgment. The exam will significantly focus on aspects of nursing competence.