Architecture

The lessons will concern, in addition to the basic terminology, the research methodology used on architectural structures (aiming for the structure’s preservation, with its historic and aesthetic values). This research includes archival-documentary, iconographic, and bibliographic research (notions will be provided on the technique for cataloguing and filing of texts and the sources consulted), direct analysis conducted through observation, and surveying meant as an instrument for knowledge and basis for specifically targeted thematic interpretations. Particular importance will be given, throughout the entire course, to the study of the construction and expression aspects of architectural works; with regard to this, the lessons will cover all the moments that have involved the process of the construction and transformation of historic buildings (building materials, scaffolding, building techniques for above-ground walls, horizontal structures, roofs, finishing details, and so on). It is a study process which, especially when there is little or no written documentation, will start from the interior of the building and its material structures, later focusing on the formative process for the entire building. The program includes: a block of about 32,5 hours for theoretical lectures, divided between methodological principles for historical research (archival, iconographic and bibliographic research), the relief and its graphic restitution, methods and tools for the knowledge of traditional buildings, in particular masonry analysis, geometric-proportional and metrological study, typological and comparative analysis within the geographical and historical context - these issues will not be dealt with in closed modules but carried out at the same time; 5 hours set aside for exercises on what was discussed in class.

The course doesn’t have prerequisites with other courses. However, it is considered significant condition to have basic knowledge on architecture history.

The texts indicated as learning support are divided into mandatory and recommended. They should be consulted and studied throughout the course, because they are an essential basis for carrying out the exercise on the monument. Mandatory texts: CARBONARA Giovanni, Restauro dei monumenti. Guida agli elaborati grafici, Napoli, Liguori, 1990 or FIORANI Donatella, Restauro architettonico e strumento informatico. Guida agli elaborati grafici, Napoli, Liguori, 2004; CARBONARA Giovanni (a cura di), Trattato di restauro architettonico, Torino, UTET, 1996; vol. II, pp. 3-192; pp. 261-288; pp. 297-418; pp. 419-586; CARBONARA Giovanni (diretto da), Atlante del Restauro, Torino, UTET, 2004; GIULIANI Fulvio Cairoli, L'edilizia nell'antichità. Nuova edizione con CD-ROM, Roma, Carocci, 2006. Recommended texts: ASCIUTTI Michele, L’Area Flaminia a Roma. Introduzione alla lettura diacronica, Roma, Artemide, 2015; BARELLI Lia, La diffusione e il significato dell'opus quadratum a Roma nei secoli VIII e IX, in Saggi in onore di Gaetano Miarelli Mariani (a cura di M.P. Sette, M. Caperna, M. Docci, M.G. Turco), in «Quaderni dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Architettura», n.s., fascc. 44-50 (2004-2007), Roma, Bonsignori, 2007, pp. 67-74; BIANCHI Giovanna, Trasmissione dei saperi tecnici e analisi dei procedimenti tecnici, in “Archeologia dell’Architettura”, I, 1996, n. 1, pp. 53-64; BRUSCHI Arnaldo, Indicazioni metodologiche per lo studio storico dell'architettura, in *Lineamenti di storia dell'architettura, Roma, Carucci, 1978, pp.13-29; CASTAGNOLI Ferdinando, Appunti di tecnica edilizia del Corso di Topografia di Roma e dell'Italia antica, a.a. 1980-81; CARBONARA Giovanni, Avvicinamento al restauro, Napoli, Liguori, 1997, pp. 49-324; DE ANGELIS D'OSSAT Guglielmo, Studio dei monumenti dal punto di vista storico, artistico e tecnico, in IDEM, Sul restauro dei monumenti architettonici. Concetti, operatività, didattica, Scuola di Specializzazione in Restauro dei monumenti, Strumenti 13, Roma, Bonsignori, 1995, pp. 59-62; IDEM, Proporzioni e proporzionalità. Due lezioni di architettura, in «Palladio», n.s., XV, 2002, 29-30, pp. 55-186; DOGLIONI Francesco, La descrizione stratigrafica della costruzione, in IDEM, Stratigrafia e restauro, Trieste, Lint, 1997, pp. 53-64; DOGLIONI Francesco, Intonaci e autenticità per relazione, in IDEM, Stratigrafia e restauro, Trieste, Lint, 1997, pp. 241-254; ESCH Arnold, Reimpiego, in Enciclopedia dell'Arte Medievale, vol. IX, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Treccani, 1998, pp. 876- 883; ESPOSITO Daniela, Murature ‘a tufelli’ nel tardo medioevo: metrologia e procedimenti costruttivi, in Metrologia e tecniche costruttive. Atti della Giornata di Studio. Facoltà di Architettura di Pescara, 3 marzo 1998, in «Contributi», 1998, n. 5, pp. 45-52; FIORANI Donatella, Ordine e casualità negli apparecchi murari bassolaziali del XII-XV secolo. Annotazioni su alcuni dati di rilevamento, in Metrologia cit., pp. 69-78; MANNONI Tiziano – Marco MILANESE, Mensiocronologia, in *Archeologia e restauro dei monumenti (a cura di R. Francovich e R. Parenti), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 1988, pp.383-402; PAGLIARA Pier Nicola, Antico e Medioevo in alcune tecniche costruttive del XV e XVI secolo, in particolare a Roma, in «Annali di architettura. Rivista del Centro internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio di Vicenza», 1998-99, nn. 10-11, pp. 223-260; PARENTI Roberto, Sulle possibilità di datazione e di classificazione delle murature, in *Archeologia e restauro dei monumenti (a cura di R. Francovich e R. Parenti), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 1988, pp.280-304; QUARONI Ludovico, Progettare un edificio. Otto lezioni di architettura, Milano, Mazzotta, 1977, pp. 173-194; SALVATORI Marcello, Introduzione: interesse degli studi metrologici ai fini della storia dell'architettura, in Metrologia e Tecniche Costruttive. Atti della giornata di studio, Facoltà di Architettura di Pescara, 3 marzo 1998 (a cura di S. D'Avino e M. Salvatori), in "Contributi", 1998, n. 5, pp. 5-8; SALVATORI Marcello, Manuale di metrologia, Napoli, Liguori, 2006.

Attendance is not mandatory, but it is strongly recommended to follow the lessons in class, which are essential for carrying out the exercises.

The final exam will consist of an individual, oral test on the lesson’s topics and basic bibliography and a valuation, with comments and clarifications, on the subject and manner of the exercises carried out on monument. The two components of the test are aimed at verifying the acquisition of the necessary skills and the ability to apply them to a specific, practical, topic.

The course will make use, for the theoretical parts on general and method-related matters, of traditional type lessons, but also flipped classroom, for an immediate comparison on the level of learning, beside on-site surveys and visits to monuments and construction sites, to develop the ability to read architectural characters and have a comparison on methods and materials, and, for the application aspects, of review seminars held by the teachers, with a group discussion, as work progresses, of the drawings produced during the exercises carried out on monuments or the significant parts of them with preservation problems. The drawings will cover the following topics: 1 - territorial framing of the monument, with references to roads, orography, settlement characteristics, regulations; 2 - survey drawings (as a critical analysis of the 'architectural text'), strictly aimed at full comprehension, in particular historical-aesthetic, tectonic and diagnostic, of the building: metric survey carried out with direct method (plans, elevations, sections scale 1:100/1:50/1:20) possibly integrated with surveys with indirect method (total station, laser scanner, photogrammetry); architectural survey (plans, elevations, sections scale 1:100/1:50/1:20) with the material characteristics of the study building; analysis of masonry and surface finishes (scale 1:10); 3 - historical-critical research on bibliographic, cartographic and archival sources on the subject under study and on the context as much as useful to the understanding of this, with and the drafting of a chronology; 4- analysis of the architectural construction characteristics of the object of study; 5- metrological-proportional analysis: research on possible units of measurement and proportioning systems used for the realization of the factory and its possible transformations; 6 - comparison analysis on typological, stylistic, metrological, proportional and material aspects of the monument and its wall system; 7- critical summary of data collected from direct and indirect sources, and identification of the most important historical phases.

The course has no prerequisites. However, it is advised that students complete the survey and representation tests and have a basic understanding of architectural history, as these skills are essential for active engagement in the course.

- A. BRUSCHI, Introduzione alla storia dell’architettura. Considerazioni sul metodo e sulla storia degli studi, Milano 2009; - G. CARBONARA (a cura di), Trattato di restauro architettonico, Torino, 1996, vol. II; - G. CARBONARA (diretto da), Atlante del Restauro, Torino, 2004; - G. CARBONARA Giovanni, Restauro dei monumenti. Guida agli elaborati grafici, Napoli, Liguori, 1990; - L. GAZZOLA, Architettura e tipologia, Roma 1987; - J. SUMMERSON, Il linguaggio classico dell’architettura, Torino 1975; - A. BOATO, L' archeologia in architettura: misurazioni, stratigrafie, datazioni, restauro, Venezia 2008;

Attendance at the course is not mandatory; however, it is strongly recommended as it will enable you to participate in the lectures, including the on-site ones, and will help you to gradually apply the related themes in the proposed exercises.

The final exam includes a discussion of the drawings and an oral exam on the topics covered in the lectures and listed in the core bibliography. The first exam aims to assess the student's understanding and correct application of the historical-critical architectural study method through an oral discussion of the research undertaken. The second exam seeks to evaluate the student's knowledge of the theoretical foundations necessary to apply the method with awareness and critical thinking, via an interview on the topics covered during the course. Specifically, students must demonstrate sufficient understanding of the theoretical arguments underpinning the study of historical architecture, both philologically and interpretatively. Moreover, they must show the ability to develop a historical-critical synthesis capable of describing the transformation phases of the building under study, starting from the survey and a series of analyses, such as: establishing a chronology based on bibliographical research (including archival material where applicable); studying the type, geometric layout, and architectural language; and interpreting the construction elements and techniques used in their creation. To pass the exam, the average of the two assessments must be at least 18/30. To achieve a score of 30/30 with honours, students are expected to demonstrate an excellent understanding of all the course topics and to connect them in a logical and coherent manner. To support continuous study aligned with the course progression, a series of ongoing assessments is offered. Successful assessments may exempt students from the final discussion of the topics covered in the exams.

- M. SALVATORI, Manuale di metrologia. Per architetti studiosi di storia dell'architettura e archeologi in Italia, Napoli 2006; - P. N. PAGLIARA, Note su murature e intonaci a Roma tra Quattrocento e Cinquecento, in «Ricerche di Storia dell'Arte», 1980, 11, pp. 35-48; - A. BRUSCHI, Metodi di ricerca storico critica sull’architettura, in G. SPAGNESI, Storia e restauro dell’architettura, Proposte di metodo, Roma 1984, pp. 15-34; - J. P. ADAM, L'arte di costruire presso i romani, Longanesi, Milano 1988. More details on studying the topics in greater depth will be provided during the lessons.

Besides lectures, "flipped classroom" sessions are also scheduled. Students will be encouraged to engage actively by working outside of class on a specific example. The concepts covered and understood, or the challenges faced while doing so, will then be discussed during class.