Business sciences

Educational objectives

The course provides students with a basic knowledge of private entities, profit and no-profit, in relation to the characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources. It also aims to introduce the concepts of income and capital through the use of quantitative tools and accounting.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Foreground

Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply fundamental knowledge gained about the private entities, profit and no-profit, particularly with regard to characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources.

Acquired skills

Students who have passed the examination will be able to understand the variables that guide the behaviour and decisions of entities and, in particular, will acquire the skills necessary to assess the affordability and financial viability of business plans. Students who have passed the examination will also manage accounting operations in order to prepare the financial statements, to interpret the results achieved by companies and to evaluate their performance.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: students will be able to understand the fundamentals of Italian public law, with the Republican Constitution as an essential point of reference.
Applying knowledge and understanding: students will be able to read and understand a normative text, a judicial decision or an administrative measure in their fundamental elements, as well as to solve the legal issues underlying these acts in their essential elements.
Making judgement: students will develop an autonomous judgment capability on the fundamentals of Italian public law, in a historical, theoretical, critical and comparative perspective.
Communication skills: students will develop an attitude to legal reasoning and the ability to argue on the fundamentals of Italian public law.
Learning skills: students will be able to continue their studies and, in particular, to face the other courses in the legal disciplinary field benefiting from the knowledge of the fundamentals of Italian public law.

Educational objectives

The course ‘Matematica Corso Base’ provides the main notions of Calculus for economic, business, and financial models: functions, limits and continuity, derivatives, differentiation rules, integrals. Systems of (parametric) linear equations. Functions of n variables.

Knowledge and understanding: the students will be able to manage the theoretical frame as well as to perform the calculus on functions, limits and continuity, derivatives, differentiation rules, integrals, Systems of linear equations. They will learn also basic notions related to functions of two or more variables.

Students will be able to apply the basic mathematical models and methods that are used in the analysis of economic, business, and financial problems.

Students will develop the skills to determine the tools needed for tackling the objectives of the course.

Students will develop some attitude to mathematical logic, the attitude to express concepts through a formal mathematical language, and the skill to prove a result through a rigorous proof.

Students will be able to continue in their program of studies, exploiting the acquired mathematical knowledge in the following advanced courses in which the quantitative approach is used.

Educational objectives

General goals

The aim of the course is to illustrate the basic concepts of modern economic theory. In the frontal lessons, the exposition of theoretical issues is integrated with the description of the main features of contemporary economies.

The first part of the course examines the consumer choice theory and the theory of the firm in order to clarify the forces that determine prices and quantities in the markets. The analysis is based on the study of both the individual choices and interaction among economic agents under different market regimes (perfect competition, monopoly).

The second part deals with the functioning of economic systems seen as a whole. The aim is to provide the tools for the analysis and explanation of the evolution of the main macroeconomic variables (GDP, employment, consumption, investment, public budget, rates of interests).

Specific goals

More in detail, the course aims at allowing the student:

A) to develop adequate basic knowledge and understanding in the field of Economics;
B) to apply the knowledge and methods acquired to both the construction of lines of arguments and the analysis of complex problems in the field of economics;
C) to develop autonomous views concerning economic issues;
D) to properly communicate information, concepts, problems, and associated solutions in the field of Economics, even to a non-specialized audience;
E) to acquire the knowledge and the learning methods necessary to pursue the study of economic disciplines in the subsequent academic years.

Educational objectives

The course of Institutions of Private Law is designed to enable students learning fundamental concepts of private law; the complex rules that govern relations between individuals and between individuals and Public Administration where the latter acts privatorum jure, or as private individual and without the exercise of its powers which are authoritative.
The knowledge of the foundations of private law supposes several methodological choices, which will be devoted to the completion of the first part of the course to allow the acquisition of all the tools needed to interpret legal texts and understand the functioning of the legal syllogism . Which, according to the methodological path that is suggested, is divided into major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Particular attention will be given the right of contract law and contracts, which are key institutions in the formation of both the professional and managerial functions of those who, wishing to continue their studies, wish to acquire skills to undertake the auditors, accountants and business professionals.
Central, therefore, the role of movement and legal instruments mortis causa and inter vivos that this system relies on the production and exchange of goods and services.

Foreground:
Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply the institutional knowledge to interpret a law to check what the legal consequences of a certain conduct of individuals, to distinguish the main rights over things. Will also be able to understand the main legal instruments movement, judged on individual circumstances of each case, what tools should be considered preferable in order to meet the needs that from time to time arise, identifying, so also features the choice of a differential rather than another instrument.

Acquired skills:
Students who have passed the examination will be able to make a basic legal advice on privatization issues, people's rights, family law, succession law, the right
property, the law of obligations and contracts. Will also be able to conduct a technical institutional trading, and assesses the legal and economic implications, suggesting that the best solution.
Will finally be able to write the text of the elementary exchange or associations to prepare the text of the main package of unilateral acts and an elementary holographic
will, in accordance with the rules.

Educational objectives

The course is designed to provide a basic understanding about the preparation of financial statements in light of Italian law.

At the end of the course, student should demonstrate to be able to prepare financial statements according to law. Specifically, is requested the ability to understand the basic approach to the definition of income and equity, to record transactions, to measure assets and liabilities according to Italian rules, to prepare the documents that constitute financial statements.

Educational objectives

The course aims to reach level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, focusing on listening comprehension and written and oral production in everyday contexts and basic situations related to economics and business.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand spoken and written texts in English on familiar and current topics;
• engage in simple but effective conversations in personal and study contexts;
• write short texts (emails, short reports) on familiar topics;
• use basic vocabulary related to university, work, and simple economic activities.

Educational objectives

The course aims to illustrate and transfer knowledge related to the functioning of business organizations and the activities of business decision makers, using multiple disciplinary approaches. Thus, students will acquire an integrated and comprehensive vision of the company, suitable for the development of basic analytical skills, useful in business practice.
The course is aimed at allowing students to acquire at least the following expected results:
- knowledge and understanding: the students who will pass the final exam will be provided with adequate knowledge about the functioning of the business organizations and the activities of the company decision makers. In particular, they will know the essential tasks and guidelines of governance decisions and will handle the essential tools for setting and controlling the company's evolutionary dynamics, paying attention to the balance between real economy and finance in governance;
- applying knowledge and understanding: students passing the final exam will be provided with a realistic and critical vision of modern companies and the tasks of company decision makers. They will know how to combine orientation to results and attention to risks, evaluate efficiency, effectiveness and profitability, set up company dynamics aimed at pursuing economic, financial and organizational balance. They will be able to configure the basic elements of the organizational structure of the company and apply the basic tools of strategic and financial analysis of the company (strategic analysis matrices, cost, revenues, contribution, profit model, operational leverage, financial leverage, performance management and measurement);
- making judgements: critical and judgmental skills will be acquired through the illustration of business cases and the discussion of concrete economic and financial business dynamics, as well as through the application of basic tools for strategic and financial analysis;
- communication skills: through lectures and in-class discussion, students will be able to expose business issues and related decisions designed to address them, within the general economic framework of the external environment and industry, plan structure and governance decisions, evaluate of the economic-financial results, set organizational and strategic actions and be aware of their implications on performance;
- learning skills: thorough class participation, discussion with the teacher, personal study and test, students will acquire the ability to continue their studies independently.

Educational objectives

The course aims at providing both knowledge of theories, models and tools of economic policy and ability to apply them to national and international, corporate and institutional issues. These skills more specifically will allow to work in institutions and in economic research centers, in particular for the design, application, evaluation and control of economic choices; in companies, specifically to define strategies and evaluate their results in the micro and macroeconomic institutional context; in the professions, for knowing better the economic environment in which they operate and make accurate forecasts.
By making use of the Dublin descriptors, the following detailed objectives can be identified:
A) At the end of the course, the student must be able to understand the micro and macroeconomic issues related to the economic policy debates, such as the internalization of externalities, the sustainability of the public debt or the management of monetary policy.
B) The student must be able to identify the pros and cons of the various economic policy solutions proposed to face the microeconomic and macroeconomic failures of the market. The assessment of the student should not only be theoretical but also quantitative, at least at a simplified level.
C) The student must be able to propose in an autonomous and critical way solutions to various problems of economic policy; in particular she must be able to identify which type of market failure the problem belongs to; suggest possible solutions and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses, by making use also of cost-benefit analysis if appropriate.
D) The student must be able to communicate at different levels, possibly through a graphic or mathematical formalization, the logic of economic policy and the mechanisms of transmission of public action.
E) The student must be able to master the key concepts, techniques and basic models of economic policy in order to use them (qualitatively and quantitatively) at a more advanced level also to integrate them with concepts and tools of such disciplines as political economy, statistics and public finance.

Educational objectives

The main objective of the course is to make students able to carry out a quantitative analysis of real phenomena and to interpret the results. To this end, during the lessons the main tools and methods of descriptive and inferential (univariate and bivariate) statistics will be discussed, focusing on both the theoretical/methodological aspects and the analysis of real data. In particular, many examples based on real problems will be shown, especially concerning phenomena in the business, socioeconomic and financial fields.

The student who is sufficient to the exam:
1) will have acquired the basic tools of statistics, such as descriptive statistics and basic inferential techniques;
2) will be able to apply all the methodologies described in the course to real data, choosing the most appropriate tools to be applied in the analysis of specific phenomena of interest;
3) will be able to interpret, discuss and criticize the obtained results. The development of this specific skill also derives from frequent discussions encouraged by the teacher, during the presentation of empirical applications;
4) will be able to communicate the methodologies as well as the results of empirical analysis with a proper language. This specific skill also derives from active participation to discussion in the classroom encouraged by the teacher;
5) will be able to to autonomously carry out statistical analyses and to understand more complex concepts and methodologies. In particular, these tools include tables and graphs, statistical indices, statistical relationships between phenomena, inferential procedures.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide basic knowledge of Commercial law, focusing on business organization and management with particular reference to companies, main business contracts and credit instruments.

Knowledge and ability to understand: Knowledge of the institutes and disciplines. Ability to understand the issues and problems presented.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will acquire knowledge of law institutions and their rules. Understanding of problems which said rules are established for. Development of critical analysis and not merely receptive learning.
Autonomy of judgment: The student acquire the capacity to correctly interpret the meaning of rules. Ability to qualify fact in order to identify and select the applicable rules.
Communication skills: The student will develope the ability to clearly and correctly illustrate their knowledge, methods and results of interpretation.
Learning ability: The student will acquire the ability to evaluate in a systematic framework arguments supporting any thesis. Ability to understand and set in a systematic frame work new laws and rules

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with the basic knowledge and skills on the functioning of the financial system.
In particular, the course aims to analyze the essential elements of the financial system, namely: financial intermediaries, financial instruments and markets, the regulatory and supervisory system.

A) Knowledge and understanding: students will acquire the basic knowledge on the elements of the financial system and will be able to understand the fundamental mechanisms of its functioning. Specifically, students will develop knowledge and skills in relation to financial intermediation in terms of instruments, markets, intermediaries, rules and supervisory authorities that constitute the fundamental elements of the financial system.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding: Students will be able to apply the concepts learned to real situations and specific cases concerning the main technical-economic aspects of credit and financial transactions.

C) Making judgements: The teaching methodology is based on active discussion of official documentation (eg. The Bank of Italy Annual Report) or specialized press, that gives students the opportunity to assume positions argued with reference to the issues of the course.

D) Communication skills: At the end of the course students will be able to express the main topics with argumentative coherence, systematic rigor and ownership of economic-financial language.

E) Learning skills: Students will be able to reconstruct both general and institutional topics, and more specifically themes focused on particular aspects of the financial system and financial intermediaries.

Educational objectives

The primary learning outcome of this subject is to allow students to learn theoretical elements and basic mathematical instruments to evaluate elementary financial operations. Furthermore, students must know how to interpret the results of their application to real problems.

Specific objectives

Knowledge and understanding: After attending the course, students know and understand the problems related to the evaluation of the basic financial operations and mathematical models to be used to solve such problems.

Capacity to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, students can formalize basic financial operations, according to the correct mathematical approach and apply specific models of the subject, to solve evaluation problems.

Autonomous judgment: At the end of the course, students can collect and read data concerning basic and complex financial, borrowing-and-lending as well as investment operations, also in a context governed by fixed or varying interest rates.

Communication skills: At the end of the course, students can explain and represent problems and solutions in the financial field, through the methods acquired.

Learning skills: At the end of the course, students acquired basic financial logic that will allow them to approach further studies in the area of theories and processes of complex financial markets.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with a basic knowledge of the public company, focusing the public company in Italian law. The course proposes the student to acquire adequate knowledge to approach the study and in-depth study of public company.
***
Knowledge and understanding: The course provides students with a basic knowledge of public entities, in relation to the characteristics, operation, economy, efficiency, effectiveness, control systems and funding sources. It also aims to deep the information system through the quantitative tools of accounting.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The course allows the student to acquire adequate skills to work in a team of experts in the public sector
Making judgements: The course will allow the student to develop appropriate skills to analyse and evaluate the results obtained by a public company
Communication skills: The course allows the student to acquire adequate skills to work in a team of experts in the public sector
Learning skills: The course will allow the student to develop appropriate skills to evaluate the behavior the results obtained by a public company

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to provide students with the managerial tools for planning and control of the firm. To this end, it will be analyzed the main tools of strategic and operational planning, management control and performance evaluation of the firm.
Students will have full knowledge of management tools for strategic and operational planning, management control and performance evaluation of the firm.

Specifically, the acquired skills will allow to analyze:
the economic and financial dynamic of the company with regard the past data and expected data;
the cost per unit of product by using different techniques;
the investments;
the company’s performances over time;
the reporting system.

Skills acquired will allow students to work in:
industrial company in the division of Planning and Control;
advisory company specialized on the management consulting.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Bachelor's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

The course will allow the student who has passed the examination to acquire:
- Knowledge of the regulatory framework and operative and technical context of auditing,
- Technical knowledges suitable for the execution of auditing professional practice,
- Capability to face with auditing process phases complexity, specifically to the statutory auditing,
- Knowledge of technical and operational instruments needed to state the professional judgment on auditing subject.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Bachelor's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

the final exam consists of the presentation of an essay related to the activities conducted during the stage/Thesis-Work.
The preparation for this exam make it necessary for the student to get skills related to the presentation of her/his work,and the capability to discuss and argue with an audience fully aware of the topics presented.

Educational objectives

The course provides students with a basic knowledge of private entities, profit and no-profit, in relation to the characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources. It also aims to introduce the concepts of income and capital through the use of quantitative tools and accounting.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Foreground

Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply fundamental knowledge gained about the private entities, profit and no-profit, particularly with regard to characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources.

Acquired skills

Students who have passed the examination will be able to understand the variables that guide the behaviour and decisions of entities and, in particular, will acquire the skills necessary to assess the affordability and financial viability of business plans. Students who have passed the examination will also manage accounting operations in order to prepare the financial statements, to interpret the results achieved by companies and to evaluate their performance.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: students will be able to understand the fundamentals of Italian public law, with the Republican Constitution as an essential point of reference.
Applying knowledge and understanding: students will be able to read and understand a normative text, a judicial decision or an administrative measure in their fundamental elements, as well as to solve the legal issues underlying these acts in their essential elements.
Making judgement: students will develop an autonomous judgment capability on the fundamentals of Italian public law, in a historical, theoretical, critical and comparative perspective.
Communication skills: students will develop an attitude to legal reasoning and the ability to argue on the fundamentals of Italian public law.
Learning skills: students will be able to continue their studies and, in particular, to face the other courses in the legal disciplinary field benefiting from the knowledge of the fundamentals of Italian public law.

Educational objectives

The course ‘Matematica Corso Base’ provides the main notions of Calculus for economic, business, and financial models: functions, limits and continuity, derivatives, differentiation rules, integrals. Systems of (parametric) linear equations. Functions of n variables.

Knowledge and understanding: the students will be able to manage the theoretical frame as well as to perform the calculus on functions, limits and continuity, derivatives, differentiation rules, integrals, Systems of linear equations. They will learn also basic notions related to functions of two or more variables.

Students will be able to apply the basic mathematical models and methods that are used in the analysis of economic, business, and financial problems.

Students will develop the skills to determine the tools needed for tackling the objectives of the course.

Students will develop some attitude to mathematical logic, the attitude to express concepts through a formal mathematical language, and the skill to prove a result through a rigorous proof.

Students will be able to continue in their program of studies, exploiting the acquired mathematical knowledge in the following advanced courses in which the quantitative approach is used.

Educational objectives

General goals

The aim of the course is to illustrate the basic concepts of modern economic theory. In the frontal lessons, the exposition of theoretical issues is integrated with the description of the main features of contemporary economies.

The first part of the course examines the consumer choice theory and the theory of the firm in order to clarify the forces that determine prices and quantities in the markets. The analysis is based on the study of both the individual choices and interaction among economic agents under different market regimes (perfect competition, monopoly).

The second part deals with the functioning of economic systems seen as a whole. The aim is to provide the tools for the analysis and explanation of the evolution of the main macroeconomic variables (GDP, employment, consumption, investment, public budget, rates of interests).

Specific goals

More in detail, the course aims at allowing the student:

A) to develop adequate basic knowledge and understanding in the field of Economics;
B) to apply the knowledge and methods acquired to both the construction of lines of arguments and the analysis of complex problems in the field of economics;
C) to develop autonomous views concerning economic issues;
D) to properly communicate information, concepts, problems, and associated solutions in the field of Economics, even to a non-specialized audience;
E) to acquire the knowledge and the learning methods necessary to pursue the study of economic disciplines in the subsequent academic years.

Educational objectives

The course of Institutions of Private Law is designed to enable students learning fundamental concepts of private law; the complex rules that govern relations between individuals and between individuals and Public Administration where the latter acts privatorum jure, or as private individual and without the exercise of its powers which are authoritative.
The knowledge of the foundations of private law supposes several methodological choices, which will be devoted to the completion of the first part of the course to allow the acquisition of all the tools needed to interpret legal texts and understand the functioning of the legal syllogism . Which, according to the methodological path that is suggested, is divided into major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Particular attention will be given the right of contract law and contracts, which are key institutions in the formation of both the professional and managerial functions of those who, wishing to continue their studies, wish to acquire skills to undertake the auditors, accountants and business professionals.
Central, therefore, the role of movement and legal instruments mortis causa and inter vivos that this system relies on the production and exchange of goods and services.

Foreground:
Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply the institutional knowledge to interpret a law to check what the legal consequences of a certain conduct of individuals, to distinguish the main rights over things. Will also be able to understand the main legal instruments movement, judged on individual circumstances of each case, what tools should be considered preferable in order to meet the needs that from time to time arise, identifying, so also features the choice of a differential rather than another instrument.

Acquired skills:
Students who have passed the examination will be able to make a basic legal advice on privatization issues, people's rights, family law, succession law, the right
property, the law of obligations and contracts. Will also be able to conduct a technical institutional trading, and assesses the legal and economic implications, suggesting that the best solution.
Will finally be able to write the text of the elementary exchange or associations to prepare the text of the main package of unilateral acts and an elementary holographic
will, in accordance with the rules.

Educational objectives

The course is designed to provide a basic understanding about the preparation of financial statements in light of Italian law.

At the end of the course, student should demonstrate to be able to prepare financial statements according to law. Specifically, is requested the ability to understand the basic approach to the definition of income and equity, to record transactions, to measure assets and liabilities according to Italian rules, to prepare the documents that constitute financial statements.

Educational objectives

The course aims to reach level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, focusing on listening comprehension and written and oral production in everyday contexts and basic situations related to economics and business.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand spoken and written texts in English on familiar and current topics;
• engage in simple but effective conversations in personal and study contexts;
• write short texts (emails, short reports) on familiar topics;
• use basic vocabulary related to university, work, and simple economic activities.

Educational objectives

The course aims to illustrate and transfer knowledge related to the functioning of business organizations and the activities of business decision makers, using multiple disciplinary approaches. Thus, students will acquire an integrated and comprehensive vision of the company, suitable for the development of basic analytical skills, useful in business practice.
The course is aimed at allowing students to acquire at least the following expected results:
- knowledge and understanding: the students who will pass the final exam will be provided with adequate knowledge about the functioning of the business organizations and the activities of the company decision makers. In particular, they will know the essential tasks and guidelines of governance decisions and will handle the essential tools for setting and controlling the company's evolutionary dynamics, paying attention to the balance between real economy and finance in governance;
- applying knowledge and understanding: students passing the final exam will be provided with a realistic and critical vision of modern companies and the tasks of company decision makers. They will know how to combine orientation to results and attention to risks, evaluate efficiency, effectiveness and profitability, set up company dynamics aimed at pursuing economic, financial and organizational balance. They will be able to configure the basic elements of the organizational structure of the company and apply the basic tools of strategic and financial analysis of the company (strategic analysis matrices, cost, revenues, contribution, profit model, operational leverage, financial leverage, performance management and measurement);
- making judgements: critical and judgmental skills will be acquired through the illustration of business cases and the discussion of concrete economic and financial business dynamics, as well as through the application of basic tools for strategic and financial analysis;
- communication skills: through lectures and in-class discussion, students will be able to expose business issues and related decisions designed to address them, within the general economic framework of the external environment and industry, plan structure and governance decisions, evaluate of the economic-financial results, set organizational and strategic actions and be aware of their implications on performance;
- learning skills: thorough class participation, discussion with the teacher, personal study and test, students will acquire the ability to continue their studies independently.

Educational objectives

The course aims at providing both knowledge of theories, models and tools of economic policy and ability to apply them to national and international, corporate and institutional issues. These skills more specifically will allow to work in institutions and in economic research centers, in particular for the design, application, evaluation and control of economic choices; in companies, specifically to define strategies and evaluate their results in the micro and macroeconomic institutional context; in the professions, for knowing better the economic environment in which they operate and make accurate forecasts.
By making use of the Dublin descriptors, the following detailed objectives can be identified:
A) At the end of the course, the student must be able to understand the micro and macroeconomic issues related to the economic policy debates, such as the internalization of externalities, the sustainability of the public debt or the management of monetary policy.
B) The student must be able to identify the pros and cons of the various economic policy solutions proposed to face the microeconomic and macroeconomic failures of the market. The assessment of the student should not only be theoretical but also quantitative, at least at a simplified level.
C) The student must be able to propose in an autonomous and critical way solutions to various problems of economic policy; in particular she must be able to identify which type of market failure the problem belongs to; suggest possible solutions and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses, by making use also of cost-benefit analysis if appropriate.
D) The student must be able to communicate at different levels, possibly through a graphic or mathematical formalization, the logic of economic policy and the mechanisms of transmission of public action.
E) The student must be able to master the key concepts, techniques and basic models of economic policy in order to use them (qualitatively and quantitatively) at a more advanced level also to integrate them with concepts and tools of such disciplines as political economy, statistics and public finance.

Educational objectives

The main objective of the course is to make students able to carry out a quantitative analysis of real phenomena and to interpret the results. To this end, during the lessons the main tools and methods of descriptive and inferential (univariate and bivariate) statistics will be discussed, focusing on both the theoretical/methodological aspects and the analysis of real data. In particular, many examples based on real problems will be shown, especially concerning phenomena in the business, socioeconomic and financial fields.

The student who is sufficient to the exam:
1) will have acquired the basic tools of statistics, such as descriptive statistics and basic inferential techniques;
2) will be able to apply all the methodologies described in the course to real data, choosing the most appropriate tools to be applied in the analysis of specific phenomena of interest;
3) will be able to interpret, discuss and criticize the obtained results. The development of this specific skill also derives from frequent discussions encouraged by the teacher, during the presentation of empirical applications;
4) will be able to communicate the methodologies as well as the results of empirical analysis with a proper language. This specific skill also derives from active participation to discussion in the classroom encouraged by the teacher;
5) will be able to to autonomously carry out statistical analyses and to understand more complex concepts and methodologies. In particular, these tools include tables and graphs, statistical indices, statistical relationships between phenomena, inferential procedures.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide basic knowledge of Commercial law, focusing on business organization and management with particular reference to companies, main business contracts and credit instruments.

Knowledge and ability to understand: Knowledge of the institutes and disciplines. Ability to understand the issues and problems presented.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will acquire knowledge of law institutions and their rules. Understanding of problems which said rules are established for. Development of critical analysis and not merely receptive learning.
Autonomy of judgment: The student acquire the capacity to correctly interpret the meaning of rules. Ability to qualify fact in order to identify and select the applicable rules.
Communication skills: The student will develope the ability to clearly and correctly illustrate their knowledge, methods and results of interpretation.
Learning ability: The student will acquire the ability to evaluate in a systematic framework arguments supporting any thesis. Ability to understand and set in a systematic frame work new laws and rules

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with the basic knowledge and skills on the functioning of the financial system.
In particular, the course aims to analyze the essential elements of the financial system, namely: financial intermediaries, financial instruments and markets, the regulatory and supervisory system.

A) Knowledge and understanding: students will acquire the basic knowledge on the elements of the financial system and will be able to understand the fundamental mechanisms of its functioning. Specifically, students will develop knowledge and skills in relation to financial intermediation in terms of instruments, markets, intermediaries, rules and supervisory authorities that constitute the fundamental elements of the financial system.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding: Students will be able to apply the concepts learned to real situations and specific cases concerning the main technical-economic aspects of credit and financial transactions.

C) Making judgements: The teaching methodology is based on active discussion of official documentation (eg. The Bank of Italy Annual Report) or specialized press, that gives students the opportunity to assume positions argued with reference to the issues of the course.

D) Communication skills: At the end of the course students will be able to express the main topics with argumentative coherence, systematic rigor and ownership of economic-financial language.

E) Learning skills: Students will be able to reconstruct both general and institutional topics, and more specifically themes focused on particular aspects of the financial system and financial intermediaries.

Educational objectives

The Monetary Economics and Policy course aims at teaching the main elements of a contemporary monetary economy. First of all, students are introduced to monetary and financial relations through simplified accounting schemes. They then learn the individual choices of the main institutional sectors of the economy (households, firms, financial intermediaries and public sector) and the market mechanisms though which the behaviour of individual agents is made mutually compatible. Last, they deepen the analysis of monetary policy and study the behaviour of the central banks of the main industrialized countries. The knowledge of a contemporary monetary economy requires to understand the functioning of some important institutions (starting from the central bank and monetary and financial markets), to master analytical instruments and to comprehend the actual working of different monetary policy regimes. The acquisition of all the tools that are necessary to achieve the teaching targets is guaranteed by specific sections of the program. Particular attention is placed on the actual functioning of the markets for money, bank liquidity, securities and credit. A specific part of the course is devoted to the actual realization of monetary policy. In this way, students can learn both the basic theoretical notions, which are useful to understand the real economic world and which are necessary for those who wish to continue the study of economics, and the actual functioning of money and financial markets, of particular importance for those who are interested in finance and wish to enter the labour market after the Laurea.

Acquired knowledge and comprehension abilities
Students passing the exam know the functioning of a contemporary monetary economy. They hence know the way money and financial markets operate, as well as the behaviour of the central banks of the main industrialized countries. These students master the basic terminology and the basic accounting of a contemporary monetary economy; they understand the way households allocate savings and financial intermediaries decide on the composition of both sides of their balance sheets, the investment choices by firms and the financing of accumulation, the variables explaining the financial behaviour of the government and the concrete realization of monetary policy. Specific knowledge refers to the elements underlying the dynamics of financial asset prices, both in spot and in forward markets, and the determination of short-term and long-term interest rates. The markets for derivatives are known at an elementary level. Students comprehend the construction and the meaning of the yield curve, the re-equilibrating mechanisms of money and financial markets, the relation between the equilibrium of the financial system and macroeconomic equilibrium. Finally, they understand the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, in closed and open economies, the existing monetary policy regimes and the cumulative endogenous dynamics triggered by financial phenomena.

Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension
Students passing the exam are able to employ the acquired knowledge to understand the public debate on monetary and financial matters, as well as the main parts of National and International reports by private and public institutions (starting from the monthly bulletins and the annual reports by central banks, the Bank for International Settlements, the International Monetary Fund and the other main international institutions). They may read without difficulties scientific papers at an intermediate level. They can employ the acquired knowledge to analyse the dynamics of monetary variables, of financial asset prices and of interest rates, and to obtain from the yield curve the expected short-term forward rates. They can solve simple portfolio choice problems. Finally, they can employ the acquired knowledge to understand the actual choices of central banks and their public announcements, and to derive their effects on the (current and expected) main economic variables.

Educational objectives

The primary learning outcome of this subject is to allow students to learn theoretical elements and basic mathematical instruments to evaluate elementary financial operations. Furthermore, students must know how to interpret the results of their application to real problems.

Specific objectives

Knowledge and understanding: After attending the course, students know and understand the problems related to the evaluation of the basic financial operations and mathematical models to be used to solve such problems.

Capacity to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, students can formalize basic financial operations, according to the correct mathematical approach and apply specific models of the subject, to solve evaluation problems.

Autonomous judgment: At the end of the course, students can collect and read data concerning basic and complex financial, borrowing-and-lending as well as investment operations, also in a context governed by fixed or varying interest rates.

Communication skills: At the end of the course, students can explain and represent problems and solutions in the financial field, through the methods acquired.

Learning skills: At the end of the course, students acquired basic financial logic that will allow them to approach further studies in the area of theories and processes of complex financial markets.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide the basic knowledge and skills on the banking system. In particular, the course aims to analyze the elements of the banking system, namely: teh role of banks, banking services, banking market, and Supervision.

- Knowledge and understanding
The topic of the course are designed to provide students with basic knowledge required for understanding the banking sy stem within the economic and financial context, on both a national and international ground.
- Applying knowledge and understanding
The course aims at providing students with the knowledge required for understanding issues in banking and financial markets, with a specific focus upon the development of banking activities. The course provides students with techincal skills for analyzing basic topics and evidence about the main aspects of bank management: credit intermediation, risk management, normative and monetary policy framework wherein banks work, set of information deriving from a bank’s balance-sheet.
- Making judgements
The course is structured to enable students to autonomously and critically analyze the issues about bank management discussed during the course.
- Communication skills
The study of banking issue implies the development of a specialized lengiuage that is necessary to correctly interact and communicate about the topics under analysis
- Learning skills)
The course provides students wth the conceptual framework and knowledge required for keeping on studies in Banking and finance, completing the studies in Business Administration and management in terms of financial relationships between firms and banks, undestanding the technical and operational aspects in order to enlarge general economic studies.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide the basic knowledge and skills on the life and non-life insurance policies and insurance distribution. In particular, the course aims to analyze the new European supervisory architecture on financial and insurance markets, paying attention on the legal framework on insurance distribution, the life and non-life products and insurance distribution channels.

- Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course each student will acquire knowledge of the peculiarities and functions typical of life and non-life insurance business, as well as of the legal requirements insurance distributors must comply with when pursuing their activity of selling products to the public.
- Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to apply the knowledge acquired to tackle the most frequent organizational and operating problems facing insurance distributors and to identify and plan the insurance and financial needs of both retail and corporate customers.
- Making judgements
Students will acquire tools for critical assessment and autonomous judgment of the topics dealt with.
- Communication skills
Students will be able to interact and communicate, using appropriate technical terms, with every counterpart having extensive knowledge of insurance issues.
- Learning skills:
Students will be able to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to further study insurance and, more in general, financial mediation.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Bachelor's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

The course analyses the role and functioning of non-bank financial intermediaries and the asset management industry, focusing on products, business models, and investor protection.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• Identify the main types of non-bank intermediaries (asset management companies, SICAVs, insurance companies, etc.);
• Understand the characteristics and operating principles of mutual funds, insurance products, and asset management tools;
• Evaluate the risks and returns of different forms of managed investments;
• Place asset management within the framework of regulation and investor protection.

Educational objectives

the final exam consists of the presentation of an essay related to the activities conducted during the stage/Thesis-Work.
The preparation for this exam make it necessary for the student to get skills related to the presentation of her/his work,and the capability to discuss and argue with an audience fully aware of the topics presented.

Educational objectives

The course provides students with a basic knowledge of private entities, profit and no-profit, in relation to the characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources. It also aims to introduce the concepts of income and capital through the use of quantitative tools and accounting.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Foreground

Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply fundamental knowledge gained about the private entities, profit and no-profit, particularly with regard to characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources.

Acquired skills

Students who have passed the examination will be able to understand the variables that guide the behaviour and decisions of entities and, in particular, will acquire the skills necessary to assess the affordability and financial viability of business plans. Students who have passed the examination will also manage accounting operations in order to prepare the financial statements, to interpret the results achieved by companies and to evaluate their performance.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: students will be able to understand the fundamentals of Italian public law, with the Republican Constitution as an essential point of reference.
Applying knowledge and understanding: students will be able to read and understand a normative text, a judicial decision or an administrative measure in their fundamental elements, as well as to solve the legal issues underlying these acts in their essential elements.
Making judgement: students will develop an autonomous judgment capability on the fundamentals of Italian public law, in a historical, theoretical, critical and comparative perspective.
Communication skills: students will develop an attitude to legal reasoning and the ability to argue on the fundamentals of Italian public law.
Learning skills: students will be able to continue their studies and, in particular, to face the other courses in the legal disciplinary field benefiting from the knowledge of the fundamentals of Italian public law.

Educational objectives

The course ‘Matematica Corso Base’ provides the main notions of Calculus for economic, business, and financial models: functions, limits and continuity, derivatives, differentiation rules, integrals. Systems of (parametric) linear equations. Functions of n variables.

Knowledge and understanding: the students will be able to manage the theoretical frame as well as to perform the calculus on functions, limits and continuity, derivatives, differentiation rules, integrals, Systems of linear equations. They will learn also basic notions related to functions of two or more variables.

Students will be able to apply the basic mathematical models and methods that are used in the analysis of economic, business, and financial problems.

Students will develop the skills to determine the tools needed for tackling the objectives of the course.

Students will develop some attitude to mathematical logic, the attitude to express concepts through a formal mathematical language, and the skill to prove a result through a rigorous proof.

Students will be able to continue in their program of studies, exploiting the acquired mathematical knowledge in the following advanced courses in which the quantitative approach is used.

Educational objectives

General goals

The aim of the course is to illustrate the basic concepts of modern economic theory. In the frontal lessons, the exposition of theoretical issues is integrated with the description of the main features of contemporary economies.

The first part of the course examines the consumer choice theory and the theory of the firm in order to clarify the forces that determine prices and quantities in the markets. The analysis is based on the study of both the individual choices and interaction among economic agents under different market regimes (perfect competition, monopoly).

The second part deals with the functioning of economic systems seen as a whole. The aim is to provide the tools for the analysis and explanation of the evolution of the main macroeconomic variables (GDP, employment, consumption, investment, public budget, rates of interests).

Specific goals

More in detail, the course aims at allowing the student:

A) to develop adequate basic knowledge and understanding in the field of Economics;
B) to apply the knowledge and methods acquired to both the construction of lines of arguments and the analysis of complex problems in the field of economics;
C) to develop autonomous views concerning economic issues;
D) to properly communicate information, concepts, problems, and associated solutions in the field of Economics, even to a non-specialized audience;
E) to acquire the knowledge and the learning methods necessary to pursue the study of economic disciplines in the subsequent academic years.

Educational objectives

The course of Institutions of Private Law is designed to enable students learning fundamental concepts of private law; the complex rules that govern relations between individuals and between individuals and Public Administration where the latter acts privatorum jure, or as private individual and without the exercise of its powers which are authoritative.
The knowledge of the foundations of private law supposes several methodological choices, which will be devoted to the completion of the first part of the course to allow the acquisition of all the tools needed to interpret legal texts and understand the functioning of the legal syllogism . Which, according to the methodological path that is suggested, is divided into major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Particular attention will be given the right of contract law and contracts, which are key institutions in the formation of both the professional and managerial functions of those who, wishing to continue their studies, wish to acquire skills to undertake the auditors, accountants and business professionals.
Central, therefore, the role of movement and legal instruments mortis causa and inter vivos that this system relies on the production and exchange of goods and services.

Foreground:
Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply the institutional knowledge to interpret a law to check what the legal consequences of a certain conduct of individuals, to distinguish the main rights over things. Will also be able to understand the main legal instruments movement, judged on individual circumstances of each case, what tools should be considered preferable in order to meet the needs that from time to time arise, identifying, so also features the choice of a differential rather than another instrument.

Acquired skills:
Students who have passed the examination will be able to make a basic legal advice on privatization issues, people's rights, family law, succession law, the right
property, the law of obligations and contracts. Will also be able to conduct a technical institutional trading, and assesses the legal and economic implications, suggesting that the best solution.
Will finally be able to write the text of the elementary exchange or associations to prepare the text of the main package of unilateral acts and an elementary holographic
will, in accordance with the rules.

Educational objectives

The course is designed to provide a basic understanding about the preparation of financial statements in light of Italian law.

At the end of the course, student should demonstrate to be able to prepare financial statements according to law. Specifically, is requested the ability to understand the basic approach to the definition of income and equity, to record transactions, to measure assets and liabilities according to Italian rules, to prepare the documents that constitute financial statements.

Educational objectives

The course aims to reach level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, focusing on listening comprehension and written and oral production in everyday contexts and basic situations related to economics and business.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand spoken and written texts in English on familiar and current topics;
• engage in simple but effective conversations in personal and study contexts;
• write short texts (emails, short reports) on familiar topics;
• use basic vocabulary related to university, work, and simple economic activities.

Educational objectives

The course aims to illustrate and transfer knowledge related to the functioning of business organizations and the activities of business decision makers, using multiple disciplinary approaches. Thus, students will acquire an integrated and comprehensive vision of the company, suitable for the development of basic analytical skills, useful in business practice.
The course is aimed at allowing students to acquire at least the following expected results:
- knowledge and understanding: the students who will pass the final exam will be provided with adequate knowledge about the functioning of the business organizations and the activities of the company decision makers. In particular, they will know the essential tasks and guidelines of governance decisions and will handle the essential tools for setting and controlling the company's evolutionary dynamics, paying attention to the balance between real economy and finance in governance;
- applying knowledge and understanding: students passing the final exam will be provided with a realistic and critical vision of modern companies and the tasks of company decision makers. They will know how to combine orientation to results and attention to risks, evaluate efficiency, effectiveness and profitability, set up company dynamics aimed at pursuing economic, financial and organizational balance. They will be able to configure the basic elements of the organizational structure of the company and apply the basic tools of strategic and financial analysis of the company (strategic analysis matrices, cost, revenues, contribution, profit model, operational leverage, financial leverage, performance management and measurement);
- making judgements: critical and judgmental skills will be acquired through the illustration of business cases and the discussion of concrete economic and financial business dynamics, as well as through the application of basic tools for strategic and financial analysis;
- communication skills: through lectures and in-class discussion, students will be able to expose business issues and related decisions designed to address them, within the general economic framework of the external environment and industry, plan structure and governance decisions, evaluate of the economic-financial results, set organizational and strategic actions and be aware of their implications on performance;
- learning skills: thorough class participation, discussion with the teacher, personal study and test, students will acquire the ability to continue their studies independently.

Educational objectives

The course aims at providing both knowledge of theories, models and tools of economic policy and ability to apply them to national and international, corporate and institutional issues. These skills more specifically will allow to work in institutions and in economic research centers, in particular for the design, application, evaluation and control of economic choices; in companies, specifically to define strategies and evaluate their results in the micro and macroeconomic institutional context; in the professions, for knowing better the economic environment in which they operate and make accurate forecasts.
By making use of the Dublin descriptors, the following detailed objectives can be identified:
A) At the end of the course, the student must be able to understand the micro and macroeconomic issues related to the economic policy debates, such as the internalization of externalities, the sustainability of the public debt or the management of monetary policy.
B) The student must be able to identify the pros and cons of the various economic policy solutions proposed to face the microeconomic and macroeconomic failures of the market. The assessment of the student should not only be theoretical but also quantitative, at least at a simplified level.
C) The student must be able to propose in an autonomous and critical way solutions to various problems of economic policy; in particular she must be able to identify which type of market failure the problem belongs to; suggest possible solutions and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses, by making use also of cost-benefit analysis if appropriate.
D) The student must be able to communicate at different levels, possibly through a graphic or mathematical formalization, the logic of economic policy and the mechanisms of transmission of public action.
E) The student must be able to master the key concepts, techniques and basic models of economic policy in order to use them (qualitatively and quantitatively) at a more advanced level also to integrate them with concepts and tools of such disciplines as political economy, statistics and public finance.

Educational objectives

The main objective of the course is to make students able to carry out a quantitative analysis of real phenomena and to interpret the results. To this end, during the lessons the main tools and methods of descriptive and inferential (univariate and bivariate) statistics will be discussed, focusing on both the theoretical/methodological aspects and the analysis of real data. In particular, many examples based on real problems will be shown, especially concerning phenomena in the business, socioeconomic and financial fields.

The student who is sufficient to the exam:
1) will have acquired the basic tools of statistics, such as descriptive statistics and basic inferential techniques;
2) will be able to apply all the methodologies described in the course to real data, choosing the most appropriate tools to be applied in the analysis of specific phenomena of interest;
3) will be able to interpret, discuss and criticize the obtained results. The development of this specific skill also derives from frequent discussions encouraged by the teacher, during the presentation of empirical applications;
4) will be able to communicate the methodologies as well as the results of empirical analysis with a proper language. This specific skill also derives from active participation to discussion in the classroom encouraged by the teacher;
5) will be able to to autonomously carry out statistical analyses and to understand more complex concepts and methodologies. In particular, these tools include tables and graphs, statistical indices, statistical relationships between phenomena, inferential procedures.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide basic knowledge of Commercial law, focusing on business organization and management with particular reference to companies, main business contracts and credit instruments.

Knowledge and ability to understand: Knowledge of the institutes and disciplines. Ability to understand the issues and problems presented.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will acquire knowledge of law institutions and their rules. Understanding of problems which said rules are established for. Development of critical analysis and not merely receptive learning.
Autonomy of judgment: The student acquire the capacity to correctly interpret the meaning of rules. Ability to qualify fact in order to identify and select the applicable rules.
Communication skills: The student will develope the ability to clearly and correctly illustrate their knowledge, methods and results of interpretation.
Learning ability: The student will acquire the ability to evaluate in a systematic framework arguments supporting any thesis. Ability to understand and set in a systematic frame work new laws and rules

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with the basic knowledge and skills on the functioning of the financial system.
In particular, the course aims to analyze the essential elements of the financial system, namely: financial intermediaries, financial instruments and markets, the regulatory and supervisory system.

A) Knowledge and understanding: students will acquire the basic knowledge on the elements of the financial system and will be able to understand the fundamental mechanisms of its functioning. Specifically, students will develop knowledge and skills in relation to financial intermediation in terms of instruments, markets, intermediaries, rules and supervisory authorities that constitute the fundamental elements of the financial system.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding: Students will be able to apply the concepts learned to real situations and specific cases concerning the main technical-economic aspects of credit and financial transactions.

C) Making judgements: The teaching methodology is based on active discussion of official documentation (eg. The Bank of Italy Annual Report) or specialized press, that gives students the opportunity to assume positions argued with reference to the issues of the course.

D) Communication skills: At the end of the course students will be able to express the main topics with argumentative coherence, systematic rigor and ownership of economic-financial language.

E) Learning skills: Students will be able to reconstruct both general and institutional topics, and more specifically themes focused on particular aspects of the financial system and financial intermediaries.

Educational objectives

The present course aims at introducing the students to the study of the economics of imperfect competition. The course’s perspective will be positive as well as normative. On the positive side, the analysis will consider the strategies firms may adopt to gain and maintain market power, as well as evaluate the implication of market power for social welfare. On the normative side, the course will focus on public intervention in the field of competition policy.

Having taken the course, the students are expected to know elementary game theory and be able to frame simple situations in terms of strategic interaction. They are expected to be good at solving simple numerical exercises. They will also know norms and tools of competition policy and will be able to apply this knowledge to the analysis of real situations.

Educational objectives

The primary learning outcome of this subject is to allow students to learn theoretical elements and basic mathematical instruments to evaluate elementary financial operations. Furthermore, students must know how to interpret the results of their application to real problems.

Specific objectives

Knowledge and understanding: After attending the course, students know and understand the problems related to the evaluation of the basic financial operations and mathematical models to be used to solve such problems.

Capacity to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, students can formalize basic financial operations, according to the correct mathematical approach and apply specific models of the subject, to solve evaluation problems.

Autonomous judgment: At the end of the course, students can collect and read data concerning basic and complex financial, borrowing-and-lending as well as investment operations, also in a context governed by fixed or varying interest rates.

Communication skills: At the end of the course, students can explain and represent problems and solutions in the financial field, through the methods acquired.

Learning skills: At the end of the course, students acquired basic financial logic that will allow them to approach further studies in the area of theories and processes of complex financial markets.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: The subject, starting from the vision of the company as a system (through the Viable Systems Approach, vSa), allows the student to understand "how to investigate", "how it is done" and "how it works" a social organization.
Applying knowledge and understanding: In particular, at the end of the course and the exam the students will have learned:
- basic knowledge of the strategic behavior of the firm, the company functions, as well as the most relevant managerial techniques;
- basic skills useful for the solution of the main strategic and managerial problems by referring to the conceptualizations and the schemes outlined during the course.
Furthermore, they will be able to apply the illustrated managerial techniques.
Making judgement: students will develop critical and decision-making skills in dynamic and complex contexts.
Communication skills: students will develop excellent communication and interpersonal skills acquired during group projects and meetings with business managers.
Learning skills: The course offers interpretative insights useful for understanding the transversal nature of Management with respect to a wide variety of contexts.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Bachelor's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

At the end of the course students are able to understand and use the main variable, theories and tools of marketing managemant. After discussing some main theoretical frameworks at hte end of the course students will be able to aplly them to the real company and market contest. Students are able to analyse behavior and after sale behavior of costumers, to segment the market, to define a marketing plan and decide the main section of marketing mix such as product and brand management, pricing, distribution channels and comunication.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Bachelor's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

the final exam consists of the presentation of an essay related to the activities conducted during the stage/Thesis-Work.
The preparation for this exam make it necessary for the student to get skills related to the presentation of her/his work,and the capability to discuss and argue with an audience fully aware of the topics presented.

Educational objectives

The course introduces a systematic view of the firm as an open economic system, analyzing its structure, functions, and decision-making processes. It forms the conceptual foundation for all business-related courses.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• describe the nature, purposes, and institutional configurations of firms and other organizational units;
• interpret management processes (investments, financing, operational management) and the related trade-offs;
• read key information documents (balance sheet, basic management reports) from an economic and business perspective and perform the main accounting entries related to management events;
• relate business decisions to product, labour, and capital market conditions.

Educational objectives

The course provides the foundations of microeconomics, studying consumer and business behavior, price formation, equilibrium in different market structures, and interactions.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• Analyse consumption choices, even under conditions of uncertainty, and production choices, taking into account economic and technological constraints;
• Understand price formation in the main market structures (perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition);
• Describe interactions between firms and analyse equilibrium choices in the presence of direct interdependence;
• Use microeconomic language and tools to interpret business and economic problems.

Educational objectives

The course provides the basic mathematical tools (calculus and linear algebra) necessary for formalizing economic and business problems and for understanding quantitative models used in subsequent courses.
• At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• use differential and integral calculus to analyse economic functions of one or more variables;
• apply the principles of linear algebra (vectors, matrices, linear systems) to represent economic and business problems;
interpret concepts such as maximums/minima, elasticity, and rates of change from an economic perspective;
• communicate with quantitative courses (statistics, econometrics, mathematical finance) on a solid formal basis.

Educational objectives

The course focuses on the preparation and interpretation of financial statements and, in an introductory manner, consolidated financial statements, with a focus on national and international accounting standards and the information implications for stakeholders.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the structure and logic of financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, notes);
• apply the main valuation criteria for financial statement items according to current regulations;
• read and interpret financial statements for information purposes for investors, financiers, and management;
• recognize the limitations and potential of financial reporting in representing corporate performance.

Educational objectives

The course introduces the main models and tools of macroeconomics, focusing on the relationships between growth, employment, inflation, monetary policy, and fiscal policy.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the functioning of the economic system as a whole (income, labour market, money);
• interpret the main macroeconomic policies and their effects on production, prices, and employment;
• read and analyse national and international macroeconomic indicators;
• connect the macroeconomic context to the decisions of firms and financial intermediaries.

Educational objectives

The course provides the foundations of private law, necessary for understanding legal relationships, contracts, and liability in economic activity, laying the foundation for more advanced legal courses.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the fundamental concepts of private law (persons, legal situations, assets, obligations);
• recognize the structure and function of typical contracts in economic life;
• understand the principles of civil liability and their implications for business activity;
• read and interpret regulatory texts and simple contractual clauses.

Educational objectives

The course is structured as an applied laboratory for economic and business data analysis, conducted primarily on a computer using R and RStudio, starting from real or realistic datasets.
By the end of the laboratory, students will be able to:
• understand the main types of variables, data structure, and the essential steps of basic quantitative analysis;
• import, clean, manipulate, and transform datasets in R using fundamental data structures;
• calculate and interpret the main descriptive statistics measures and produce effective visualizations (tables, graphs, summary indicators);
• apply simple statistical tools to concrete economic and business problems in a guided manner, working through exercises and laboratory cases;
• present and comment on the results of the analyses in a clear and concise manner, using graphical and numerical outputs generated in R.

Educational objectives

The course provides a comprehensive analytical framework for understanding the reasons, tools, and limits of public intervention in the economy. Starting from the analysis of market failures in both microeconomic (monopoly, externalities, public goods, information asymmetries) and macroeconomic (business cycle instability, unemployment, inflation) contexts, the course examines the theoretical justifications and effects of economic policies. It delves into the foundations of normative theory, the Tinbergen objectives-instruments model, the role of expectations, and the Phillips curve. The course provides a detailed analysis of the workings of fiscal policy and monetary policy in both closed and open economies, using models such as Mundell-Fleming to study the interaction between exchange rates, capital flows, and the balance of payments. The picture is completed by the analysis of trade policies and a critical reflection on government failures, equipping students with the tools to evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of public interventions in a complex economic context.

Educational objectives

The course provides the methodological foundations of descriptive statistics and probability calculus, essential for the quantitative analysis of uncertain economic phenomena. The first part of the course covers data organization and summarization through frequency distributions, graphical representations, and statistical indicators (location, variability, shape, concentration). The analysis of relationships between variables is explored through the study of double distributions, mean dependence, and simple linear regression. The second part introduces the fundamentals of probability calculus, including discrete and continuous random variables, main probability models (Bernoulli, Binomial, Poisson, Normal), and limit theorems. The path is completed by the principles of statistical inference, with elements of point and interval estimation. Upon completion, the student will be able to organize and analyze economic datasets, interpret the random behavior of economic phenomena, and understand the basics of inferential reasoning, also through the use of statistical software.

Educational objectives

The course provides a systematic overview of financial markets, the instruments traded, and the participants who operate within them, with a focus on economic functions, microstructures, and regulation.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• describe the structure and functioning of the main markets (money, bond, equity, derivatives);
• understand the characteristics and functions of the main financial instruments;
• analyse the role of financial institutions and supervisory authorities;
• consider how market conditions influence the decisions of issuers, authorized intermediaries, and participants (professional and retail investors).

Educational objectives

The course explores corporate governance and management topics, focusing on organizational structure, decision-making processes, coordination systems, and corporate governance mechanisms in domestic and international contexts.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the role and responsibilities of corporate government;
• analyse organizational structures and coordination models in relation to corporate strategy;
• evaluate the impact of incentives, performance systems, and organizational culture on managers' behaviour;
• connect management and governance choices to issues relating to Corporate Finance (value creation, risk management)..

Educational objectives

The course introduces the principles and tools of financial mathematics, with particular reference to the discounting of cash flows over time, the construction of amortization schedules, and the measurement of the cost of capital.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• apply capitalization and discounting methods to evaluate simple and compound financial transactions;
• construct and analyse loan and mortgage amortization schedules;
• calculate effective rates, returns, and financial convenience indicators;
• communicate with the courses in Corporate Finance and Markets on a solid quantitative basis.

Educational objectives

The course explores the logic and tools of corporate strategy, with a focus on competitive analysis, positioning decisions, and the management of growth and change processes in dynamic contexts.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• conduct analyses of the competitive environment and industry structure;
• examine strategic marketing options (differentiation, cost, focus, cooperation) in relation to associated risks and opportunities, including through case studies;
• recognize internal and external growth processes (alliances, acquisitions, partnerships);
• connect strategies to resources, competencies, and outcomes to be sought in the company's control systems.

Educational objectives

The course introduces the most common IT tools for economic and business analysis (basic statistical software, spreadsheets, databases), with a practical and case-oriented approach.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• use spreadsheets in advanced ways for data processing, simulations, and graphical representations;
• organize and manage economic and business datasets, ensuring consistency and quality of information;
• apply basic functions and tools for descriptive analysis and data exploration;
• integrate IT tools into key analytical tasks to support business decisions.

Educational objectives

The course integrates the topics of strategy and performance management, examining how the measurement, control, and improvement of performance support the implementation of strategies and the creation of competitive advantage.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the link between strategy and performance management;
• interpret performance management systems;
• understand the application of performance management across business functions.

Educational objectives

The course aims to develop the skills needed to design, draft, and interpret budgets and business plans, as key tools for planning, coordinating, and evaluating corporate performance.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• Develop financial, capital, and operating budgets consistent with corporate objectives;
• Prepare a comprehensive business plan, integrating strategic analysis, operational plans, and financial forecasts;
• Use budgets and business plans as tools for communicating with financiers and internal stakeholders.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Bachelor's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

The course introduces the fundamental principles of international commercial law, with particular reference to sales, distribution, and cooperation contracts, as well as dispute resolution tools between operators from different jurisdictions.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the sources of international commercial law and the role of uniform conventions;
• analyse the structure and key clauses of major transnational commercial contracts;
• assess legal risks associated with cross-border transactions and mitigation tools (guarantees, insurance, applicable law and jurisdiction clauses);
• understand the main dispute resolution mechanisms (jurisdiction, arbitration, ADR).

Educational objectives

The course addresses the essential aspects of international taxation, focusing on both multinational corporations and individuals, examining the principles of double taxation treaties and anti-tax avoidance rules.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the basic principles of income taxation in transnational contexts;
• interpret double taxation treaties and their key clauses;
• recognize the tax issues typical of multinational corporations (permanent establishment, transfer pricing, etc.);
• evaluate the impact of international taxation on the location and structure choices of corporate groups.

Educational objectives

The course covers the concepts, tools, and processes of marketing management, focusing on creating value for customers and businesses in increasingly competitive and digitalized markets.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• analyse markets, customer segments, and competitive positioning;
• design and evaluate marketing mix strategies (product, price, communication, distribution);
• understand the specifics of digital and relationship marketing;
• interpret marketing performance indicators and connect them to the company's financial results.

Educational objectives

The lab focuses on the analysis and management of sustainability in the corporate context, integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) dimensions, with an operational and project-oriented approach.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the main dimensions of sustainability and their impact on business models;
• analyse corporate sustainability initiatives and practices, including through case studies and applied projects;
• use non-financial reporting indicators and standards in an introductory manner;
• propose operational solutions to improve the sustainability of corporate processes and products.

Educational objectives

the final exam consists of the presentation of an essay related to the activities conducted during the stage/Thesis-Work.
The preparation for this exam make it necessary for the student to get skills related to the presentation of her/his work,and the capability to discuss and argue with an audience fully aware of the topics presented.