Industrial pharmacy REPLICA LATINA

Educational objectives

Ability to apply correctly and to address at a qualitative level - in the solution of problems - topics related to:
numerical calculation, data representation, sequences, algebraic calculation and analytical geometry, functions and their graphs,
derivatives, integrals, differential equations, probability.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Biology can be defined as the entire field of disciplines that study living organisms in all their manifestations and the natural laws that regulate them. Beyond the definitions, biology is one of the most dynamic and rapidly expanding fields of human activity and has repercussions that affect every aspect of our lives, from health to environmental issues. The research activity constantly carried out by biologists all over the world has allowed us to acquire a great knowledge of biological processes and to make ourselves more and more aware of our close interdependence with the great variety of organisms present in our planet.
This course has mainly a propaedeutic purpose; taking into particular account the level of preparation of each student, the objective to be achieved is allowing the student to face the courses of the following years with the necessary basic knowledge and to know the aspects main topics of the study of biology.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
In the course beyond a general knowledge of the fundamental topics of biology, we want to give appropriate importance to the concepts mainly related to professional training in the pharmaceutical field, as well as to the subsequent subjects of the Degree Course.
For this reason we will follow a path that starts from the Chemistry of Life, and then, by deepening the constitution of living beings at the cellular level with references to the basic biochemical and genetic mechanisms, leads to the understanding of the higher organizational levels up to the organismic level of Biology, both for plants and animals, taking into account the evolutionary peculiarities, and with hints also to the ecological part.
The course has been designed and implemented with the aim of making the numerous and complex aspects of Biology interesting and accessible: it is important that the students acquire a greater awareness of the variety of life forms, their enormous adaptability to the environment and their ecological and evolutionary correlations, understanding, at the same time, the dynamic way in which science works and make progress.
The study of Plant Biology will focus on the peculiarities of plants, from the metabolic ones to the morpho-functional ones, in order to provide the basic notions useful in the degree course, with particular reference to the topics that will be further explored in the course of Pharmacognosy. The main objective of the study of Animal Biology will be the acquisition of basic knowledge on animal structures and functions at different levels of complexity, with emphasis on their adaptive meaning.
We intend to highlight both the universality of evolutionary solutions, and the main alternative solutions to general problems of functionality of complex organic systems in the Man and in the main Phyla of the Metazoan.
The teaching of Biology at the first-year level is congruent with the course of the student enrolled in the degree course in CTF, as it is intended to establish a solid base of scientific knowledge on which to build their professional skills, which include a wide range of disciplines, all closely related to each other.
The logical path of the topics will be developed through five consecutive sections:
a) Chemistry of Life. Science and Biology in the pharmaceutical context. Modern Biology and Systems Biology. Evolution of the scientific method. Also including elements of Primary and Secondary Metabolism.
b) Cellular Biology, with the main elements of the cellular constitution and its functioning. Understanding diversity: systematics and phylogeny. Viruses and sub-viral agents. Bacteria. Archaea. Origin of Eukaryotes. Protists.
c) Plant Biology, the main botanical aspects of plant organisms and related organisms.
d) Formal Genetics and Molecular Biology. Chromosomes, cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. DNA replication. From DNA to proteins: gene expression. Mutations. Regulation of gene expression. Genomes. Introduction to the Darwinian concept of evolution. The mechanisms of evolution: evolutionary changes in populations. Speciation. Macroevolution. Evolution of genes and genomes.
e) Animal Biology. At the end of this section, the student acquires a general knowledge on the biology of animal organisms through the study of model groups.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The evaluation of the student will be carried out mainly through a final written test, which will focus on all the topics of the program, testing the student's ability in a form that avoids the psychological difficulty arising from a university-type oral examination to which he/she is not still used to.

3. Making judgements
The student will deepen what he learned during the lessons on the recommended texts, which have been written and thought mainly for the students of the pharmaceutical courses. This deepening will allow him to rediscover these topics in the future, when the memories of the concepts taught in the classroom will be partly forgotten. The texts will remain as a reference for the student who will know where to find detailed concepts, especially useful to pass the exam.
The teaching of Vegetal and Animal Biology consists of lectures, with some final exercises to prepare the students for the exam. The lessons are all interactive: the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, based on their knowledge and what they have learned in class, can give an answer. This allows the teacher to evidence the links between the current course and the previous knowledge, fundamental to understand what is proposed in class.
The continuous references to concepts of previous courses must make the student accustomed to study the proposed subject not as something closed, only aimed to pass the final exam and to be filed immediately afterwards, but intends to highlight a multidisciplinary study, absolutely required to face the university study. The student will find on the e-learning platform the slides and the teaching material (exam program, recommended texts) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that the slides are a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the recommended texts and lectures given by the teacher.
Attendance to the course is optional but strongly recommended. In fact, the percentage of students who pass the exam and with good grades is limited to those who have regularly attended, while is generally high the failure percentage among not attending students.

4. Communication skills
The assessment methods of the course are characterized by an exam session set in the months of January, February and May, excluding the periods in which the lessons are held. The teacher is also available to hold, at the request of the students, additional appeals during the months of April and September, reserved for undergraduate and off-course students, in accordance with the provisions of the respective CCL. The objective of the test is to certify the student's knowledge and assimilation of the main topics that will then be the subject of further study in subsequent courses. The elements taken into consideration for the evaluation are: the knowledge of the subject, in all the main areas of Biology covered by the exam program, the ability of reasoning demonstrated in the choice of answers and the ability to study autonomously on the indicated texts.

5. Learning skills

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The Physics course aims to provide the student with a solid knowledge of the basis of the various branches (mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism) that constitute the so-called "classical physics." More generally, the student will learn to develop models and schemes based on appropriate simplifications and schematizations of a given physical system, allowing them to analyze and predict the system's
behavior using mathematical tools. Such skills, together with the notions of statistics provided during the course, will be extremely useful to the student in his future academic and professional career.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will learn the foundations of classical mechanics (kinematics, the three laws of Newton, conservation of energy and momentum, collisions, angular momentum, harmonic motion and waves, fluid dynamics), thermodynamics (temperature and the kinetic theory of gases, specific and latent heat, work, the first and the second law of thermodynamics,
thermodynamic transformations) and electromagnetism (charge, field and electric potential, Coulomb's law, Gauss's theorem, electric current, magnetic field, Lorentz's force, Biot-Savart's law, Ampere's theorem, Maxwell's equations, and electromagnetic waves. In addition, the course will provide the student with the mathematical and conceptual skills necessary for a deeper understanding of the subjects under study, including essential elements of statistics. At the end of the course, the student will have acquired a good knowledge of both conceptual and applicative aspects of physics, including notions of statistics.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
Classical physics skills learned in the course—which can't be missing in the training baggage of anyone aspiring to a career in a scientific field— will go beyond mere notionism. In particular, every student will have to acquire and develop the tools, including statistical and probabilistic tools, necessary to apply what has been learned to the modeling and analysis of simple physical systems. This skill will be continually honed and tested through carrying out exercises, which will be proposed during the lessons and that will later constitute the written exam test. The latter, together with the oral exam described in point (4), will allow for an adequate and complete assessment of the level of skills achieved by the student.

3. Making judgements
The course aims, above all, to develop in the student the ability to critically analyze physical phenomena, using appropriate simplifications and schematizations as well as using the most suitable mathematical tools. This approach has always been at the root of the study of physics and is becoming increasingly valuable (and used) in other fields.
During the lessons, great attention will be devoted to emphasizing the points of contact between the subjects under study and the disciplines that form the backbone of the CTF study program, such as the biological, medical, and chemical-pharmaceutical disciplines. Great emphasis will also be given to developing the ability to use a scientific methodological approach to the study and research activities.

4. Communication skills
The student will have to be able to present the acquired knowledge clearly and directly. Specifically, the student must know how to process, interpret and rigorously present experimental data. The oral test, which, together with the written test described in point (2), will constitute the course's final exam, will cover all the topics of the program, allowing an adequate assessment of the ability of the student to communicate what was learned.

5. Learning skills
What is covered during the class can be found discussed and analyzed in detail in the reference textbook, which students must be able to consult with total autonomy. Consultation of other references is welcome. The student is encouraged to find and select other texts based on personal inclinations and preferences. This work of autonomous research will be helpful in the future when the memories of the lessons taught in the classroom will be nuanced, and it will be necessary to find the topics of one's interest in the sources available at any given time.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course aims to provide the student with a solid foundation in the fundamental concepts of chemistry, with particular reference to the chemistry of the elements, which will be the cultural heritage of the graduate in CTF. It deals with the indispensable topics for a correct understanding of matter and its transformations. On this basis it will be possible to found the skills that the student will have the opportunity to acquire in the courses of the following years. The course includes numerical exercises that make the student able to face the problems he/she will encounter in the various areas of chemistry, providing the essential tools for their analysis.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will have the opportunity to learn about general chemical structures and models, master the concepts underlying the properties and reactivity of matter, elements and chemical compounds, and understand the problems related to stoichiometry. He/she therefore knows the basic principles of general chemistry starting from the atomic structure, the periodic table and the chemical bond, up to chemical reactions (qualitative and quantitative aspects) with elements of kinetics and chemical thermodynamics and description of the aggregation states of matter. He/she is able to describe the equilibria (heterogeneous and homogeneous) and the fundamentals of electrochemistry. He/she will also have acquired a basic knowledge of the properties of the elements and their compounds.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
Upon completion of the course the student will be able to correlate the various topics developed in the program by relating the properties of matter with the properties of atoms and molecules. He/she will also become familiar with the correct and appropriate application of calculation tools, using the disciplinary methods of investigation, in order to solve application questions.

3. Making judgements
The organization of the relevant exercises about the topics covered in the lectures will offer the student the opportunity to put to the test the knowledge acquired in relation to the various themes proposed. This allows to develop the ability to apply the concepts studied to practical cases and to critically evaluate the outcome and the method used in the procedures adopted.

4. Communication skills
In addition to providing basic knowledge, the course aims to make the student acquire mastery of language and appropriate use of chemical terminology and scientific method, essential for communicating in the national and international scientific context. To this end, ample space is dedicated to informal interventions and discussions during the lessons and to the oral exam.

5. Learning skills
The stimulus to use a correct scientific formalism and to formulate logically consistent deductions starting from the concepts and principles that underlie chemical science constitute a solid training towards cultural growth in the autonomy of future studies and professional activities.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The general aim of the course is to provide students with basic knowledge of the morphology of the human body that will be necessary for the study of Physiology, Pathology and Pharmacology. At the end of the course students acquire an adequate knowledge of the anatomical nomenclature and terminology, as well as of the morphology, anatomical relationships and general organization of the different organs, apparatuses and systems of the human body.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to identify and describe location and morphology of the organs of each system/apparatus of the human body. The student will be able to understand the terms and the names of common use in the anatomical language and will know how to link the above-mentioned terms and names to the right morpho-functional context.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to recognize and distinguish the different organs in the human body and be able to clearly attribute to them those macroscopic, microscopic and functional characteristics that distinguish the anatomical structures as they have been illustrated during the course of Human Anatomy. The anatomical relationships, the external morphology and the relationships between structure and function will be identified by the student at the end of the course basing on the acquisition of the method learned during the lessons, through the systematic examination of the characteristics of the human organs implemented by the teacher during the course itself.

3. Making judgements
The use of critical thinking will be developed through classroom discussions during face-to-face (frontal) and interactive lessons. The ability to reason on the exposed themes will also be enhanced through the discussion of morpho-functional aspects characteristic of the different systems and apparatuses of the human body. Thus, students will develop solid anatomical bases useful for the future study of disciplines such as Physiology, Pharmacology and General Pathology.

4. Communication skills
The evaluation of each student will be based on an oral test which will focus on questions concerning all the topics of the program. The student is required to answer the questions demonstrating clarity in the exposition of the topic, ability to synthesize and illustrate with a correct anatomical terminology the fundamental aspects of the macroscopic, microscopic and functional anatomy of the organs of the human body.

5. Learning skills
The student will find an in-depth description of the human body in the recommended textbooks. The recommended textbooks will remain as a fundamental reference point of the student, together with the notes get during the lessons, and they will continue to be considered a precious tool in the perspective of future other courses in the student’s academic path.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course aims to provide the student with basic knowledge of scientific English, as well as the theoretical and practical basis for reading, analysing and writing a scientific text in English. The course aims to enable students to acquire B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will be familiar with all aspects of scientific communication in English, from basic terminology and language structures to the structure of scientific texts of various kinds (articles, reviews, abstracts etc.). The student will be able to identify the basic elements of scientific communication and critical thinking (prescriptive and descriptive issues, deductive and inductive reasoning, causal reasoning) and relate them to the various steps of the scientific method. The student will be able to distinguish and classify the various types of scientific publication (primary, secondary or tertiary level of information). Furthermore, the student will be able to analyse the different types of scientific publication by identifying their various parts (title, keywords, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusions and bibliographical references) with their respective basic structural elements. The student will know how to conduct a bibliographical search using the main on-line databases and the tools made available by the Sapienza Library System.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have acquired the ability to identify and analyse the various types of scientific publications and their parts, identifying clarity and completeness with a critical eye. This basic knowledge will find an immediate application in the reading, analysis and comprehension of scientific texts of various kinds that will undoubtedly be needed as support and refresher material for courses in the years following the first. In addition, the foundations of critical thinking provided by the course will find application both in the study of other subjects (making connections between different topics, understanding the evolution of scientific thought on a single subject, etc.) and in practical activities in the laboratory. At the end of the course, the student will be able to write a short scientific text in English (scientific report, abstract, etc.), using the terminology and structural elements introduced in the course. The student will also be able to conduct a bibliographical research using the tools provided by the Sapienza library system, with particular attention to the choice of keywords and the selection of reliable bibliographical sources. These skills will find direct application in the drafting of laboratory reports and theses. All the tools provided by the course will be applied in the preparatory and ongoing study for the preparation of degree theses.

3. Making judgements
Lectures will be all interactive, in which the lecturer will ask students continuous questions to stimulate them and develop their logical-critical sense. Various exercises will be proposed during the lessons, to be carried out individually or in groups, with the aim of further encouraging the development of critical thinking and self-assessment also through comparison between the various students.

4. Communication skills
Questions and individual and group activities carried out in class will encourage and stimulate the ability to communicate what has been learnt during the course. These activities are also aimed at developing the ability to write short scientific texts in English. In addition, the activities carried out during the course will prepare students for communicative relationships in the academic and non-academic worlds of work and research with their peers.

5. Learning skills
The student will find the topics and related insights covered in class in the recommended texts and material made available by the lecturer. The texts and material received will remain the student's reference point also for their future use in the analysis and understanding of scientific articles both for university study and for future work applications.

Educational objectives

In addition to the compulsory courses, the study plan also includes, in the first year of the course, some activities chosen by the student. These activities, which can be autonomously chosen by the student within the entire educational offer of the Sapienza university, must however be consistent with the training objectives of the CTF degree course and must be submitted for approval by the Degree Program Board, except in the case in which the choice falls within the range of complementary courses and insight activities.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Organic chemistry is a chemistry discipline involving the scientific study of the structure, reactivity, properties and applications of compounds which are formed mainly by carbon atoms, forming covalent bonds, both from natural and artificial sources. The general objective, is to provide students with the knowledge and competences necessary to understand the structure, reactivity and synthetic methods of different functional groups, and the mechanisms of organic reactions. For a CTF student, this learning is essential, because most drugs are organic compounds, and their biological activity depends on their interaction with biological targets, which are also organic compounds. This knowledge will allow the student to be able to understand the fundamental synthetic methodology for the construction of biologically active compounds. Furthermore, stereochemical expertise will be essential for improving the understanding of the drug-receptor interactions, a crucial topic in different next courses.

Specific expected learning outcomes
Organic chemistry is a chemistry discipline involving the scientific study of the structure, reactivity, properties and applications of compounds which are formed mainly by carbon atoms, forming covalent bonds, both from natural and artificial sources The general objective, is to provide students with the knowledge and competences necessary to understand the structure, reactivity and synthetic methods of different functional groups, and the mechanisms of organic reactions. For a CTF student, this learning is essential, because most drugs are organic compounds, and their biological activity depends on their interaction with biological targets, which are also organic compounds. This knowledge will allow the student to be able to understand the fundamental synthetic methodology for the construction of biologically active compounds. Furthermore, stereochemical expertise will be essential for improving the understanding of the drug-receptor interactions, a crucial topic in different next courses.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
This course completes the basic knowledge of the general chemistry acquired during the first year highlighting the interconnections and introduces students to some fundamental analytical disciplines/procedures that will be developed in detail in the following years according to the specific addresses of the degree course.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student becomes aware of the interconnections between the different chemical and physical properties of the molecules and of the conditions in which these properties occur, or are inhibited, from the point of view of the regulation / control mechanisms of these properties. Particular attention is paid to the fundamental topics of chemistry (salts, acids and bases, solubility, redox processes, complexes), which having been the subject of the teaching of General Chemistry in the first year of the CdL in CTF, they are now shown in the optics of their application in laboratory activities.
The course includes the theoretical and applicative treatment of coordination compounds and the basics of nuclear chemistry, with particular reference to the production of artificial radioisotopes used in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine (radiopharmaceuticals).
Other knowledge acquired concern the statistical foundations of Analytical Chemistry for the treatment of measures and errors, and the criteria for the graphic representation of chemical-physical processes and phenomena, useful in the laboratory activities.
Finally, students receive basic training for the principles of chromatography and mass spectrometric methodologies.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student will develop towards the fundamental aspects of chemical reactions and analytical chemistry, enough sensitivity to allow him to consciously deal with the subsequent courses of preparatory laboratory, quantitative analysis and separation of substances.

3. Making judgements
During the lessons, the critical and judgmental skills of the students are stimulated by their active participation, both through questions by the teacher, and through the collective solution of exercises representing real cases of problems that may occur in laboratory practice.

4. Communication skills
This ability emerges during the lessons, when the collective participation of the students is needed and finds the upper level during the examination, in which the student explains the logical motivations of the answers, also through the use of visual tools such as functional charts and histograms.

5. Learning skills
The student is induced to study autonomously not only by reading the recommended texts, but also by researching information through computer tools, especially for those topics treated only at an introductory level during the course, but that being historically consolidated they are described more in depth on specialized websites accessible through search engines.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
This course completes the basic knowledge of the general chemistry acquired during the first year highlighting the interconnections and introduces students to some fundamental analytical disciplines/procedures that will be developed in detail in the following years according to the specific addresses of the degree course.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student becomes aware of the interconnections between the different chemical and physical properties of the molecules and of the conditions in which these properties occur, or are inhibited, from the point of view of the regulation / control mechanisms of these properties. Particular attention is paid to the fundamental topics of chemistry (salts, acids and bases, solubility, redox processes, complexes), which having been the subject of the teaching of General Chemistry in the first year of the CdL in CTF, they are now shown in the optics of their application in laboratory activities.
The course includes the theoretical and applicative treatment of coordination compounds and the basics of nuclear chemistry, with particular reference to the production of artificial radioisotopes used in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine (radiopharmaceuticals).
Other knowledge acquired concern the statistical foundations of Analytical Chemistry for the treatment of measures and errors, and the criteria for the graphic representation of chemical-physical processes and phenomena, useful in the laboratory activities.
Finally, students receive basic training for the principles of chromatography and mass spectrometric methodologies.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student will develop towards the fundamental aspects of chemical reactions and analytical chemistry, enough sensitivity to allow him to consciously deal with the subsequent courses of preparatory laboratory, quantitative analysis and separation of substances.

3. Making judgements
During the lessons, the critical and judgmental skills of the students are stimulated by their active participation, both through questions by the teacher, and through the collective solution of exercises representing real cases of problems that may occur in laboratory practice.

4. Communication skills
This ability emerges during the lessons, when the collective participation of the students is needed and finds the upper level during the examination, in which the student explains the logical motivations of the answers, also through the use of visual tools such as functional charts and histograms.

5. Learning skills
The student is induced to study autonomously not only by reading the recommended texts, but also by researching information through computer tools, especially for those topics treated only at an introductory level during the course, but that being historically consolidated they are described more in depth on specialized websites accessible through search engines.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
This course completes the basic knowledge of the general chemistry acquired during the first year highlighting the interconnections and introduces students to some fundamental analytical disciplines/procedures that will be developed in detail in the following years according to the specific addresses of the degree course.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student becomes aware of the interconnections between the different chemical and physical properties of the molecules and of the conditions in which these properties occur, or are inhibited, from the point of view of the regulation / control mechanisms of these properties. Particular attention is paid to the fundamental topics of chemistry (salts, acids and bases, solubility, redox processes, complexes), which having been the subject of the teaching of General Chemistry in the first year of the CdL in CTF, they are now shown in the optics of their application in laboratory activities.
The course includes the theoretical and applicative treatment of coordination compounds and the basics of nuclear chemistry, with particular reference to the production of artificial radioisotopes used in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine (radiopharmaceuticals).
Other knowledge acquired concern the statistical foundations of Analytical Chemistry for the treatment of measures and errors, and the criteria for the graphic representation of chemical-physical processes and phenomena, useful in the laboratory activities.
Finally, students receive basic training for the principles of chromatography and mass spectrometric methodologies.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student will develop towards the fundamental aspects of chemical reactions and analytical chemistry, enough sensitivity to allow him to consciously deal with the subsequent courses of preparatory laboratory, quantitative analysis and separation of substances.

3. Making judgements
During the lessons, the critical and judgmental skills of the students are stimulated by their active participation, both through questions by the teacher, and through the collective solution of exercises representing real cases of problems that may occur in laboratory practice.

4. Communication skills
This ability emerges during the lessons, when the collective participation of the students is needed and finds the upper level during the examination, in which the student explains the logical motivations of the answers, also through the use of visual tools such as functional charts and histograms.

5. Learning skills
The student is induced to study autonomously not only by reading the recommended texts, but also by researching information through computer tools, especially for those topics treated only at an introductory level during the course, but that being historically consolidated they are described more in depth on specialized websites accessible through search engines.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course aims to provide the students a theoretical and practical knowledge related to research and qualitative recognition of inorganic substances of pharmacological and toxicological interest. The aim of the course is also to provide the molecular mechanisms on the pharmaceutical and toxicological properties of the aforementioned substances.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will study all the aspects concerning the chemical reactions used for the separation and recognition of the cations included in the 6 groups of the classical systematic approach (group I: silver, lead and mercury; II group: lead, mercury, arsenic, antimony, tin, bismuth , copper, cadmium; III group: aluminium, iron, chrome, manganese; group IV: manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt; V group: calcium, barium, strontium; group VI: magnesium, sodium, lithium, potassium) as well as anions identifiable by the research in the alkaline solution (sulphate, nitrate, chloride, bromide, iodide and oxalate). Moreover, the student will be able to apply theoretically/practically the concepts concerning the acid-base equilibria, hydrolysis, complexation, precipitation, redox reduction and be able to evaluate all the related interdependencies for the purpose of the recognition of inorganic compounds. Additionally, the student will be able to understand the molecular biological mechanisms in which cations and inorganic anions take part.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to separate and analyse an inorganic cation or anion mixture through the application and interpretation of chemical essays. For this purpose it will be essential to know and apply the different chemical reactivity for the separation and identification of the ions (changes in pH, complexation, precipitation and redox). The practical laboratory exercises will allow the student to learn how to apply and observe what was already covered during the lectures. Knowledge of the properties and reactivity of inorganic substances will allow the student not only to understand the biological, pharmacological and toxicological functions of these substances, but also to design and / or identify possible approaches for solving relative problems. The knowledge of the most widespread therapeutic problems and pharmaceutical solutions of inorganic type (essential micronutrient elements integrators) available for the treatment of the main pathologies associated with deficiency or intoxication will make the student able to make the right decision and to give rational advice for the use of these pharmaceuticals in the field of human health.

3. Making judgements
The lecturer will stimulate the students to develop a logical-critical sense by asking frequent questions (brainstorming) in class with the aim of inducing them to acquire connection skills (correlative thinking) between the various concepts defined in the syllabus leading to the mastery of the subject, connecting the chemical pharmaceutical and toxicological analysis as an integral part with a link to other disciplines already studied (general and inorganic chemistry, physics, anatomy, biology) or to be followed in the future educational path (biochemistry, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, toxicology). The lecturer will periodically ask students to develop discussions/theses related to key topics discussed in class, in order to get them used to design scientific research.
At the end of the course the students will be able to formulate an analytical/critical judgment, interpret and correlate complex concepts, design a research related to the topics covered in order to expand scientific, ethical and social knowledge.

4. Communication skills
Through the acquisition of knowledge and understanding, the ability to apply them and to propose a critical judgment on the topics dealt with, but also through the use of the relative scientific language used by the lecturer during the course and the frequent stimulation of the communication lesson, the student will be able to communicate with cognitive and linguistic-perceptive depth with his peers and/or with both the scientific and non-scientific community also of different cultural origin.

5. Learning skills
The student who has acquired the abilities described above will be able to undertake future studies in a more autonomous, self-managed and rapid manner, but also to propose social and/or working contexts useful for the scientific progress of society in the field of human health.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
At the end of the course students will know the basic physical principles and mechanisms that regulates cell physiology, with particular attention to the electrical properties of excitable cells and neuronal transmission; the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions. The student will be aware of the main molecular and cellular mechanisms target of possible pharmacological treatments.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will know all the aspects of cellular and plasma membrane functioning, of the central and autonomic nervous system, of muscular contraction (skeletal smooth and cardiac muscle), of the cardiovascular system, of the respiratory system, of the urinary system, of the digestive system and of hormonal communication, and the regulation of the pH of the liquid compartments.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The student will know all the aspects of cellular and plasma membrane functioning, of the central and autonomic nervous system, of muscular contraction (skeletal smooth and cardiac muscle), of the cardiovascular system, of the respiratory system, of the urinary system, of the digestive system and of hormonal communication, and the regulation of the pH of the liquid compartments.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be interactive; the professor will ask continuous questions to the students to stimulate them to develop critical sense and to integrate previous knowledge. These questions will also be used to evaluate and solicit students to make connections with the skills acquired previously, avoiding considering the study of the general physiology as self-standing, but integrating the physiology in the light of the knowledge already acquired (physical, chemical, biological, and anatomical).

4. Communication skills
The student will acquire the ability to communicate all the topics covered by the program and to expose them in an integrated perspective considering the correct functioning of the human organism. Eventually, students will be organized in small groups that will expose to the class oral presentations on specific topics related to the effect of drugs in regulating the physiological functions.

5. Learning skills
Recommended texts will provide a tool to integrate the knowledge acquired during the class. The texts will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find the concepts in detail. He/she will be able to integrate these concepts with the materials available on specific online sites whose links will be suggested in class.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
To understand the role of macromolecules in cells or tissues;- To provide students with knowledge about biochemical basis of cellular and metabolic processes that occur in human body under both physiological and pathological conditions; -To develop skills in the assessment and evaluation of pathologic condition from data of biochemical analysis.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
Upon completion of the Biochemistry course, the student increases his or her scientific knowledge in the chemistry of living organisms such as:
-relation between the structure and function of major biological molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and vitamins.
- the biochemical mechanism essential for the proper metabolic functioning of living organisms.
- Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases, useful for the pharmacological treatment of different diseases.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The knowledges gained provides the ability to apply these skills in many areas such as pharmaceutical chemistry, medicine, and environmental science. The course provides the brightest students with good problem-solving skills in this area such as identifying new molecular targets for the development of new therapeutic treatments and diagnostic techniques, including biotechnology-based ones, and excellent communication skills.

3. Making judgements
Ability to use a scientific methodological approach to study and research activities, exercising critical thinking and independent judgment.

4. Communication skills
During the lessons, the students will be involved in the discussion of the topics covered in order to check their understanding, and learning of the subject matter and develop effective communication skills

5. Learning skills
Students will acquire the ability to consult scientific bibliographic material and databases specific to the field, in order to maintain a continuous update of their professional knowledge and skills in relation to the advancement of the field both nationally and internationally.
Students will acquire skills to independently undertake more advanced studies.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course aims to provide students the information necessary for a critical knowledge of the principles and applications of physical chemistry ranging from classical thermodynamics to kinetics, electrochemistry and, in particular, to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. I this way students will acquire the basis to understand some of the topics covered in the courses in the next years of biochemical, chemical pharmaceutical and pharmacological character, with particular regard to transport processes.

Specific expected learning outcomes
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:
• to know the principles underlying physical chemistry about the thermodynamic, kinetic and thermodynamic treatment of irreversible processes;
• to be able to understand its potential and its use for the study of real systems, about the biological ones.

APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:
• to understand the different theoretical-experimental approaches for the resolution of problems in the biochemical and pharmacological fields.

MAKING JUDGMENTS:
• to be able to develop their critical sense following stimuli coming from the teacher:
• to be able to link the topics studied thanks also to the multidisciplinary of the course by integrating the physical chemistry with the knowledge already acquired or to be acquired of the chemical type (inorganic, organic, biochemical chemistry) and biological (pharmacology and toxicology).

LEARNING SKILLS:
• To be able to describe scientific topics related to real systems using in a critical way the methodologies and techniques covered in the course.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS:
• To be able to discuss scientific topics related to physical chemistry and apply them to biological, pharmaceutical and pharmacological processes.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course aims to provide students with a detailed knowledge of the main microrganisms of medical interest and their role in physiological and pathological processes in humans.
Particular attention will be paid to microorganism-host relationships, the mechanisms underlying infectious diseases and possible therapeutic and preventive approaches, as well as aspects of public and environmental hygiene.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will know in depth the medical microbiology in its general and applicative aspects. In particular, the course will allow the student to acquire a good knowledge about morphological and physiological characteristics of bacteria, mycetes and protozoa of medical interest, their transmission, related diseases and underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Moreover, the student will know the structure and replication mechanisms of the main viruses of medical interest, the virus-host relationships, and pathogenic mechanisms. The student will also know the main elements of immune responses to microbial infections, as well as main therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
Finally, the student will acquire knowledge related to the prevention and control of the spread of infectious agents.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The course will prepare the student to know and understand the main mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs and vaccines. Particular attention will be devoted to the antimicrobial resistance, underlying mechanisms, and related problems. The ability to use a scientific methodological approach to research activities will also be developed.

3. Making judgements
During the lessons the teacher will pursue an effective question strategy to capture students' attention, foster student involvement, and facilitate a positive, active learning environment.

4. Communication skills
At the end of the course the student will be able to use an appropriate technical-scientific language to communicate correctly on the topics covered, even with non-specialists or professionals from other disciplines.

5. Learning skills
The course is aimed at facilitating a critical and autonomous in-depth study of the topics covered in specialized texts and through consultation of databases and sector-specific platforms.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The aim of Analisi Chimico Farmaceutica e Tossicologica II course is to contribute knowledge and ability about the quantitative determination of drugs and substances of pharmaceutical interest present in a more or less complex mixture,, as well as to make students aware of the importance of safety in experimental practice.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the students will be familiar with the techniques of quantitative analysis for the determination of organic and inorganic compounds, they will acquired competences on how to perform volumetric, spectrophotometric, chromatographic and gravimetric analysis of compounds of pharmaceutical interest, applying appropriate analytical methods described European Pharmacopoeia. They will also have understood the concept of error in chemical analysis for the evaluation of acquired analytical data.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the students will be able to prepare solutions with a known concentration, perform calculations to determine the analyte content in unknown samples, choose the appropriate volumetric analysis method and know the optimal operating conditions, will be able to interpret the monographs present in the European Pharmacopoeia.

3. Making judgements
The students, through practical laboratory exercises, will be able to carry out the quantitative determination of a substance by autonomously managing their own laboratory activity and making use of the knowledge now acquired on quantitative analysis.
At the end of each practical exercise, the students will be able to independently draft a report on the laboratory experience in which they will describe the correct analytical procedure applied. Similar drug dosing exercises will be proposed during the examination.

4. Communication skills
Thanks to the numerous analyses carried out during practical laboratory exercises, the students will have acquired the confidence and ability to independently determine the quantity and purity of compounds and will be able to demonstrate the concepts through a written test and a subsequent oral interview.

5. Learning skills
The students will be able to independently learn all the analytical techniques thanks to the availability of texts and handouts; furthermore, they can complete their studies using their own laboratory notebook.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Organic chemistry is a chemistry discipline involving the scientific study of the structure, reactivity, properties and applications of compounds which are formed mainly by carbon atoms, forming covalent bonds, both from natural and artificial sources The general objective, is to provide students with the knowledge and competences necessary to understand the relationship between molecular structure and reactivity of the different functional groups, the mechanisms of organic reactions, the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds and biomolecules. For a CTF student, this learning is essential, because most drugs are organic compounds, and their biological activity depends on their interaction with biological targets, which are also organic compounds. This knowledge will allow the student to be able to understand the fundamental synthetic methodology for the construction heterocyclic compounds. Furthermore, stereochemical complements will be essential for improving the understanding of the drug-receptor interactions, a crucial topic in different next courses.

Specific expected learning outcomes
The Organic Chemistry 2 course is devoted to provide students with the adequate knowledge to be independent in solving problems about the main aspects of specific organic chemistry studies. This ability will be acquired by the means of frontal lesson submitting case studies of general interest.
Teaching materials, available on line will support students during the lessons even thought studying the recommended text book is essential to acquire the skills and the competence that are necessary to perform the final exam.
In order to improve the exposure ability, students will be constantly encouraged to communicate their ideas to both specialists and non specialists audiences. The Erasmus programme will enable students to improve their communications skills, by exchanging informations, problems and solutions.
The specific objectives consist in acquiring the following knowledge and expertise:
1) to understand advanced stereochemistry and its importance on the reactivity of organic compounds;
2) to understand the relationship between structural distortion and reactivity for the different functional groups;
3) to acquire the specific knowledge to understand organic catalysis
4) to acquire the specific knowledge about the main chemical properties of heterocyclic compounds and the main routes to their synthesis;
5) to acquire the specific knowledge to understand the synthetic application of pericyclic reactions;
6) to acquire the specific knowledge to formulate reaction mechanism hypothesis;
7) to acquire the specific knowledge to understand the specific properties of biomolecules.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The General and Molecular Pathology with Medical Terminology course is an essential component of the Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology degree program, as it contributes to its educational objectives. This course is designed to equip students with knowledge about the biological basis of pathological manifestations, as well as a fundamental understanding of the pathophysiology of major organ systems. Specifically, the course aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the primary pathogenetic mechanisms that cause homeostatic imbalances and the onset of diseases. The goal the course is to enable students to gain a thorough understanding of various pathological phenomena and the targets of the principal pharmacological treatments. In addition, the course aims to help students develop the necessary scientific language skills characterized by medical terminology to enrich the student's formative background and provide access to expected professional outlets.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
By the end of the course, the student will have acquired theoretical knowledge related to cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the etiopathogenesis of the major human disorders and an appropriate medical and scientific terminology. In addition, the student will have understood the biological processes allowing to the clinical manifestations of the diseases, the targets of the main therapeutic treatments, and the rational basis of the precision medicine.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to recognize specific cellular and molecular events underlying different disease processes and identify the main therapeutic targets for these. In addition, the student will possess the skills to link the course content with what he/she has already learned in previous classes and apply the acquired knowledge in scientific and healthcare environments.

3. Making judgements
The active support of the teacher in the classroom will foster and stimulate the student into using a scientifically based methodological approach in both study and future research activities, as well as the ability to make judgments about literature data to be ready to make decisions concerning future professional responsibilities.

4. Communication skills
The student should be able to effectively communicate information, ideas, problems, and solutions to specialized audiences regarding the molecular mechanisms of cellular damage, neoplastic transformation, and the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases. Furthermore, it is essential for the student to have a strong grasp of specific medical and scientific terminology and to be able to use it appropriately, particularly in the context of the pharmacy profession.

5. Learning skills
The student will be able to integrate the topics covered in the course by consulting the bibliographic materials provided by the teacher and update knowledge and professional skills by consulting specific databases suggested during the class. At the end of the course, the student will have acquired a helpful educational background to undertake more advanced studies, such as those oriented to in-depth professional studies by attending postgraduate courses, graduate schools, PhDs, and joining mobility programs with foreign countries.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course provides an overview of modern molecular biology and basic technologies for the manipulation of DNA. The course objective is to acquire knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that allow the maintenance, regulation, and expression of the genome. These skills play an important role in the research and development of new drugs, and applications in biotechnology and biomedicine.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
Knowledge of nucleic acids structure and functions.
Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, repair, transcription and protein synthesis, as well as the regulation of these processes.
Basic knowledge of the main techniques of nucleic acid manipulation, the expression of recombinant proteins and the generation of OGM.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
Understanding of the molecular processes that control gene expression and regulation, underlying cell growth, division, and differentiation, and which are targets for the action and development of pharmacologically active agents.
Familiarization of students with the experimental approaches used in molecular biology.

3. Making judgements
Students will be invited to ask questions and analyse the topic under discussion so to acquire/perfect their proactive and critical attitude also using skills and knowledge acquired during previous courses.

4. Communication skills
Describe and relate critically the processes studied.

5. Learning skills
Read scientific articles in the field of molecular biologic and gain a critical understanding of their contents.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
This course is designed to provide qualitative identification of organic compounds and mixtures, with emphasis on advanced techniques of separation, purification and spectral identification.
The student will experience the most important spectroscopic and analytical techniques used for structure elucidation, which will be useful for his employment in regulatory affairs and healthcare industries.

Specific expected learning outcomes
Understanding and interpretation of UV, FT-IR, proton and carbon-13 NMR spectra.
Structural elucidations of simple organic compounds starting from their raw formula and spectroscopic data. Starting from a mixture of a few known compounds, propose the most suitable chromatographic method based on the acquired knowledge.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The student will acquire the tools and theoretical-practical strategies for the discovery and design of new active ingredients; in particular, the student will understand the necessary steps from the identification of a molecular prototype to the optimization of a molecule to the realization of a drug.
He or she will, likewise, be able to apply the knowledge acquired in the professional field in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry. In addition, the student will be able to recognize the main chemical structures of drugs belonging to the classes covered in the "syllabus" and will have the ability to design the chemical synthesis of drugs and discuss their properties both qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of structure-activity relationships, physicochemical and pharmaco-toxicological properties.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will learn all aspects inherent in the history and molecular development of the classes of drugs with anti-infective activity (antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitics), gastro-intestinal dysfunctions (anti-ulcer, anti-diarrheals, antihistapsi, antacids) and antitumor, with particular reference to the molecular mechanisms of biochemical-biological action, their chemical-pharmaceutical, pharmacological and toxicological properties. Furthermore, the student will know the etiopathogenetic mechanisms that cause the various diseases object of therapeutic treatments with the studied drugs.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to identify the different structures of drugs, analyze their biological, pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of action, and most importantly, be able to adopt strategies for both structural and chemical synthesis design for the eventual development of new chemicals to be transformed into drugs.
Knowledge of the methodologies for the identification and optimization of the parent compounds (lead compounds) will enable the student to be able to approach in academic and/or industrial settings the discovery and/or practical development of new chemical entities, to be able to improve both their pharmacological-therapeutic and toxicological profiles, which are important to achieve market introduction of new drugs. Knowledge of the most prevalent therapeutic problems and pharmaceutical solutions available in the treatment of the diseases discussed in the "syllabus" will make the student proficient and intuitive in the rational choice/consideration of such drugs in the field of human health.

3. Making judgements
The lecturer will stimulate students to develop a logical-critical sense by asking frequent questions (brainstorming) during the lecture with the aim of inducing them to acquire skills in linking (correlative thinking) between the various concepts defined in the "syllabus," mastering the subject matter, but also to consider the study of pharmaceutical and toxicological chemistry I as an integral part and link with other disciplines already studied (anatomy, biology, organic chemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, physiology, pathology) and with others that will follow in future training (pharmaceutical and toxicological chemistry II, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, toxicology, pharmaceutical techniques and legislation, chemical and physical methods in organic chemistry). The instructor will periodically ask students to develop in-depth treatises/theses pertaining to key topics discussed in class, to habituate them to the design of chemical-pharmaceutical scientific research, will submit the students to learning tests to allow for their self-assessment and to have feedback on the teacher's teaching method. At the end of the course, students will be able to make analytical/critical judgment, interpret and correlate complex concepts, and design research inherent in the topics covered for the purpose of expanding scientific, ethical and social knowledge.

4. Communication skills
Through the acquisition of knowledge and understanding, the ability to apply them and to propose a critical judgment on the topics covered, but also through the aid of the related scientific language used by the lecturer during the course and the frequent stimulation of communication of what has been learned in class, the student will be able to communicate with cognitive and linguistic-perceptual depth with figures who are his or her peers and/or who belong to an inherent scientific and social community or of a different cultural background.

5. Learning skills
The student who has acquired the skills described above will be able to undertake future studies in the pharmaceutical field in a more autonomous, self-directed and rapid manner, but also to propose in social and/or work contexts issues useful to the scientific progress of society in the field of human health.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course of GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOGNOSY aims to provide knowledge to understand the mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of drugs, and to provide students with concepts regarding the composition and effects of drugs (biologically active substances of natural origin), their preparations, and the active ingredients contained in them.

The overall objective of the General Pharmacology module is to enable graduates in CTF to acquire competencies related to the fundamental mechanisms that regulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the main factors responsible for the variability of the response, and the main mechanisms and effects of drug interactions. The general objective of the Pharmacognosy lessons is to integrate and complete the knowledge on products of plant origin (drugs, pharmacologically active substances of natural origin, food supplements, etc.). The student, based on the acquired skills, can have a scientific approach to natural products, to be applied in research (drug discovery), in the pharmaceutical industry, in the therapeutic field and/or in the health field. These objectives will be achieved through lessons in classroom.
The overall objective of the Pharmacognosy module is to integrate and complete knowledge on products of plant origin (drugs, biologically active substances of natural origin, dietary supplements, etc.). Based on the acquired competencies, students will be able to have a scientific approach to natural products, which can be applied in research (drug discovery), the pharmaceutical industry, therapeutic field, and/or the health field. These objectives will be achieved through classroom lectures.
Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
Specific objectives of the lessons of General Pharmacology: at the end of the course the student will know and understand the fundamental mechanisms that regulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and the main factors responsible for variability in the response to drugs. The assimilated knowledge can be applied for the resolution of various problems concerning the use of drugs and for the understanding of the contents of the Special Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy course. Students will acquire the ability to critically deal with topics related to current pharmacological issues. These objectives will be achieved through lectures that involve the use of power point, database (es. PubMed) and projections of short movies related to pharmacological issue that can stimulate the critical sense. All these tools will be used to promote interactive discussions in the classroom. Discussions among students will be stimulates in order to improve the ability to communicate with language properties what has been learned.
Specific objectives of the lessons of Pharmacognosy are the acquisition, by the student, of skills related to the different aspects of herbal drugs. In particular: their chemical composition, the pharmacological activity, the practical uses, the possible pharmacokinetic and / or pharmacodynamic interactions with drugs, foods, etc. and any undesired or toxic effects. The student should also acquire ability to exercise critical skills and judgment on the real effectiveness and safety of use of commercial products containing herbal drugs. The applicative autonomy (in the real life) of the concepts learned and the related objectives achieved, will also be made possible by the tools that will be provided to the student during the course, including: scientific literature to refer to, institutional websites, etc., in addition to reference teaching texts.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
Expected skills: provide the pharmacodynamic (ligand-receptor interaction) and pharmacokinetic (absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination) basis for understanding the action of drugs, including those of plant origin; address issues related to the development and use of plant-derived drugs. In particular, the student will acquire advanced knowledge of pharmacognosy of medicinal plants and their pharmacologically active principles, therapeutic and toxicological effects, interactions between plant active principles, including those with drugs and foods, and their use in herbal preparations and/or as nutraceuticals.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be all interactive, in which the teacher will ask the students continuous questions to stimulate them and develop their critical sense. These questions will also serve to evaluate students to make connections, integrating the General Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy in light of the already acquired knowledge, biological type (anatomy human, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology). The course aims to train future operators who are capable, with total independence, of dispensing and properly advising the public on medicines, self-medication products, and health products.

4. Communication skills
The evaluation of the student's study will be carried out only with an oral exam, which will focus on all the topics of the program, testing the student's communication skills with respect to what they have learned.

5. Learning skills
The student will find the deepening of what he heard in class on the recommended texts and databases (e.g. Pubmed). The texts will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find in detail the notions that are partly forgotten. Moreover, the student will also have the ability to independently undertake more advanced studies such as those aimed at professional specializations by attending post-graduate courses, specialized schools, and research doctorates, also by participating in mobility programs with foreign countries.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course of GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOGNOSY aims to provide knowledge to understand the mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of drugs, and to provide students with concepts regarding the composition and effects of drugs (biologically active substances of natural origin), their preparations, and the active ingredients contained in them.

The overall objective of the General Pharmacology module is to enable graduates in CTF to acquire competencies related to the fundamental mechanisms that regulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the main factors responsible for the variability of the response, and the main mechanisms and effects of drug interactions. The general objective of the Pharmacognosy lessons is to integrate and complete the knowledge on products of plant origin (drugs, pharmacologically active substances of natural origin, food supplements, etc.). The student, based on the acquired skills, can have a scientific approach to natural products, to be applied in research (drug discovery), in the pharmaceutical industry, in the therapeutic field and/or in the health field. These objectives will be achieved through lessons in classroom.
The overall objective of the Pharmacognosy module is to integrate and complete knowledge on products of plant origin (drugs, biologically active substances of natural origin, dietary supplements, etc.). Based on the acquired competencies, students will be able to have a scientific approach to natural products, which can be applied in research (drug discovery), the pharmaceutical industry, therapeutic field, and/or the health field. These objectives will be achieved through classroom lectures.
Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
Specific objectives of the lessons of General Pharmacology: at the end of the course the student will know and understand the fundamental mechanisms that regulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and the main factors responsible for variability in the response to drugs. The assimilated knowledge can be applied for the resolution of various problems concerning the use of drugs and for the understanding of the contents of the Special Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy course. Students will acquire the ability to critically deal with topics related to current pharmacological issues. These objectives will be achieved through lectures that involve the use of power point, database (es. PubMed) and projections of short movies related to pharmacological issue that can stimulate the critical sense. All these tools will be used to promote interactive discussions in the classroom. Discussions among students will be stimulates in order to improve the ability to communicate with language properties what has been learned.
Specific objectives of the lessons of Pharmacognosy are the acquisition, by the student, of skills related to the different aspects of herbal drugs. In particular: their chemical composition, the pharmacological activity, the practical uses, the possible pharmacokinetic and / or pharmacodynamic interactions with drugs, foods, etc. and any undesired or toxic effects. The student should also acquire ability to exercise critical skills and judgment on the real effectiveness and safety of use of commercial products containing herbal drugs. The applicative autonomy (in the real life) of the concepts learned and the related objectives achieved, will also be made possible by the tools that will be provided to the student during the course, including: scientific literature to refer to, institutional websites, etc., in addition to reference teaching texts.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
Expected skills: provide the pharmacodynamic (ligand-receptor interaction) and pharmacokinetic (absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination) basis for understanding the action of drugs, including those of plant origin; address issues related to the development and use of plant-derived drugs. In particular, the student will acquire advanced knowledge of pharmacognosy of medicinal plants and their pharmacologically active principles, therapeutic and toxicological effects, interactions between plant active principles, including those with drugs and foods, and their use in herbal preparations and/or as nutraceuticals.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be all interactive, in which the teacher will ask the students continuous questions to stimulate them and develop their critical sense. These questions will also serve to evaluate students to make connections, integrating the General Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy in light of the already acquired knowledge, biological type (anatomy human, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology). The course aims to train future operators who are capable, with total independence, of dispensing and properly advising the public on medicines, self-medication products, and health products.

4. Communication skills
The evaluation of the student's study will be carried out only with an oral exam, which will focus on all the topics of the program, testing the student's communication skills with respect to what they have learned.

5. Learning skills
The student will find the deepening of what he heard in class on the recommended texts and databases (e.g. Pubmed). The texts will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find in detail the notions that are partly forgotten. Moreover, the student will also have the ability to independently undertake more advanced studies such as those aimed at professional specializations by attending post-graduate courses, specialized schools, and research doctorates, also by participating in mobility programs with foreign countries.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course of GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOGNOSY aims to provide knowledge to understand the mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of drugs, and to provide students with concepts regarding the composition and effects of drugs (biologically active substances of natural origin), their preparations, and the active ingredients contained in them.

The overall objective of the General Pharmacology module is to enable graduates in CTF to acquire competencies related to the fundamental mechanisms that regulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the main factors responsible for the variability of the response, and the main mechanisms and effects of drug interactions. The general objective of the Pharmacognosy lessons is to integrate and complete the knowledge on products of plant origin (drugs, pharmacologically active substances of natural origin, food supplements, etc.). The student, based on the acquired skills, can have a scientific approach to natural products, to be applied in research (drug discovery), in the pharmaceutical industry, in the therapeutic field and/or in the health field. These objectives will be achieved through lessons in classroom.
The overall objective of the Pharmacognosy module is to integrate and complete knowledge on products of plant origin (drugs, biologically active substances of natural origin, dietary supplements, etc.). Based on the acquired competencies, students will be able to have a scientific approach to natural products, which can be applied in research (drug discovery), the pharmaceutical industry, therapeutic field, and/or the health field. These objectives will be achieved through classroom lectures.
Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
Specific objectives of the lessons of General Pharmacology: at the end of the course the student will know and understand the fundamental mechanisms that regulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and the main factors responsible for variability in the response to drugs. The assimilated knowledge can be applied for the resolution of various problems concerning the use of drugs and for the understanding of the contents of the Special Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy course. Students will acquire the ability to critically deal with topics related to current pharmacological issues. These objectives will be achieved through lectures that involve the use of power point, database (es. PubMed) and projections of short movies related to pharmacological issue that can stimulate the critical sense. All these tools will be used to promote interactive discussions in the classroom. Discussions among students will be stimulates in order to improve the ability to communicate with language properties what has been learned.
Specific objectives of the lessons of Pharmacognosy are the acquisition, by the student, of skills related to the different aspects of herbal drugs. In particular: their chemical composition, the pharmacological activity, the practical uses, the possible pharmacokinetic and / or pharmacodynamic interactions with drugs, foods, etc. and any undesired or toxic effects. The student should also acquire ability to exercise critical skills and judgment on the real effectiveness and safety of use of commercial products containing herbal drugs. The applicative autonomy (in the real life) of the concepts learned and the related objectives achieved, will also be made possible by the tools that will be provided to the student during the course, including: scientific literature to refer to, institutional websites, etc., in addition to reference teaching texts.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
Expected skills: provide the pharmacodynamic (ligand-receptor interaction) and pharmacokinetic (absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination) basis for understanding the action of drugs, including those of plant origin; address issues related to the development and use of plant-derived drugs. In particular, the student will acquire advanced knowledge of pharmacognosy of medicinal plants and their pharmacologically active principles, therapeutic and toxicological effects, interactions between plant active principles, including those with drugs and foods, and their use in herbal preparations and/or as nutraceuticals.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be all interactive, in which the teacher will ask the students continuous questions to stimulate them and develop their critical sense. These questions will also serve to evaluate students to make connections, integrating the General Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy in light of the already acquired knowledge, biological type (anatomy human, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology). The course aims to train future operators who are capable, with total independence, of dispensing and properly advising the public on medicines, self-medication products, and health products.

4. Communication skills
The evaluation of the student's study will be carried out only with an oral exam, which will focus on all the topics of the program, testing the student's communication skills with respect to what they have learned.

5. Learning skills
The student will find the deepening of what he heard in class on the recommended texts and databases (e.g. Pubmed). The texts will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find in detail the notions that are partly forgotten. Moreover, the student will also have the ability to independently undertake more advanced studies such as those aimed at professional specializations by attending post-graduate courses, specialized schools, and research doctorates, also by participating in mobility programs with foreign countries.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The main educational objectives of the Course in Food Chemistry are to provide the student with knowledge regarding the chemical composition of foodstuffs, the influence of the different components on food properties and transformations related to production and conservation processes, and the most common diseases linked to the intake of specific nutrients / foods. The more specific objectives of course concern the acquisition of transversal skills related to the detailed knowledge of: structure and function of macro and micronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals), fibers and secondary metabolites; transformations of food components during storage and processes; dietetic products intended for individuals in particular physiological conditions or with metabolic disorders.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The knowledge and skills acquired during the Course will be usable by the professional figure in field of work thanks to the acquired critical and judgment skills useful to be able to suggest the use of specific foods for the nutritional intake and for the specific impact on health.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The expected learning outcomes, acquired during the course, will therefore allow the future professional figure to correlate and integrate the general aspects concerning the chemical composition of foods with the characteristics of specific food products, thus understanding the correlation between composition and quality and acquiring the ability to process the information on the label; to understand and predict transformations in food as a result of technological and conservation processes; propose dietetic products for pathologies connected with the intake of specific food components.
This knowledge is the basis for operating in a production, control and analysis context and for the design of new products and processes.

3. Making judgements
The course takes place in an alternation of lectures useful to address the concepts of basic theory and classroom presentations prepared by students on current topics concerning food, suitable for stimulating their critical-applicative and communication skills.

4. Communication skills
At the end of the course the student will be able to effectively communicate what has been learned during the course thanks also to the exercise performed with the presentations in the classroom on current topics concerning foodstuffs.

5. Learning skills
The student will be able to continue the study independently, thanks to the acquired skills and the concepts learned also regarding the methods of researching information on the food chemistry sector. During the course will be provided websites, bibliographic references and industry associations, possibly useful for developing collaborative relationships in the world of work. Based on the knowledge acquired, the graduate will have the necessary skills to be able to critically give indication in the field of foods related to health.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis III aims to provide the theoretical and practical knowledge related to the recognition of compounds of pharmaceutical interest, prevalently with an organic structure, by means of specific chemical assays and instrumental analytical techniques. The student will acquire the ability to understand and apply the methods reported in the latest edition of the European Pharmacopoeia. The course also aims to provide the student with the principles of quality assurance in pharmaceuticals.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have in-depth knowledge of aspects related to the recognition and evaluation of the purity of compounds in the European Pharmacopoeia, be able to perform both chemical and instrumental recognition assays.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student must be able to recognize an unknown substance using the assays described in the European Pharmacopoeia. It must also be able to purify and determine the purity of the substances present in the European Pharmacopoeia.

3. Making judgements
The practical lessons are interactive and give the opportunity to the student to experiment and realize the recognition and purification of substances, and to determine the purity according to European Pharmacopoeia.

4. Communication skills
The student will be able to give evidence of his learning during practical exercises, during the unknown test scheduled at the end of the exercises and during the oral exam.

5. Learning skills
At the end of the course, the student must be independent in the evaluation of a path of analysis of active ingredients present in pharmaceutical formulations.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The aim of the course is to provide a comprehensive preparation to the graduate in CTF regarding the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects, pharmacological interactions, and toxicological aspects of the main classes of drugs, as well as their use as a therapeutic tool. Specific skills and technical vocabulary necessary to understand the drug characterization process and to describe their use in therapy will also be provided, as well as skills related to future therapeutic prospects and the rationale for designing new approaches and new drugs that selectively intervene in relevant biological mechanisms in different pathological conditions.

1. Knowledge and understanding
Knowledge acquired expected: Origin and development of drugs; pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs in use; adverse effects and interactions between drugs. Students also have the basic knowledge necessary for the use of drugs in the medical field and the development of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. The student will know qualitative and quantitative aspects of the receptor drug interaction, principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the main classes of existing drugs (drugs of the nervous system, analgesic drugs, cardiovascular drugs, sexual and cortical steroids, respiratory drugs, digestive drugs, drugs of inflammation, antimicrobial chemotherapeutics, antituberculous chemotherapeutic agents, antifungals, antiprotozoal, antiviral, anthelmintics, antineoplastic drugs, immune system drugs). The student should also acquire ability to exercise critical skills and judgment on the real effectiveness and safety of use of commercial products containing herbal drugs. The applicative autonomy (in the real life) of the concepts learned and the related objectives achieved, will also be made possible by the tools that will be provided to the student during the course, including: scientific literature to refer to, institutional websites, etc., in addition to reference teaching texts.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
Expected acquired skills: Addressing issues related to the development and use of drugs. By the end of the course, the student will be familiar with the most important and widespread therapeutic issues and the therapeutic solutions available to doctors to effectively manage and treat various pathologies.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be all interactive, in which the teacher will ask the students continuous questions to stimulate them and develop their critical sense. These questions will also serve to evaluate students to make connections, integrating the pharmacology and drug therapy considering the already acquired knowledge, biological type (basic pharmacology, anatomy human, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology). Through these interactive sessions, the student will be able to develop judgment autonomy in the field of pharmacotherapy. The course aims to train future operators who are capable, with total independence, of dispensing and properly advising the public on medicines, self-medication products, and health products.

4. Communication skills
Communication skills will be stimulated and developed throughout the entire course. Students will be exposed to dynamic lessons that include in-class question-and-answer sessions and flipped classroom lessons, in which they will play a part themselves in teaching under the guidance of the teacher. Student progress will be evaluated solely through an oral exam, which will cover all program topics, testing the student's ability to communicate what they have learned.

5. Learning skills
The student will find the deepening of what he heard in class on the recommended texts, institutional websiets and databases (e.g. Pubmed). The texts will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find in detail the notions that are partly forgotten. Moreover, the student will also have the ability to independently undertake more advanced studies such as those aimed at professional specializations by attending post-graduate courses, specialized schools, and research doctorates, also by participating in mobility programs with foreign countries.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The teaching of Applied Pharmaceutical Chemistry regards the study of the mechanisms of organic reactions involved in drug metabolism and related to the planning and action of drugs. Pre-formulation studies and accelerated storage tests are introduced in order to calculate the shelf-life of the formulations. Industrial methods to separate, sterilize and freeze-dry an active molecule are also studied.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will able to know and understand metabolic processes that drugs understand, valuing the problems of a specific drug, such as toxicity of itself and of its metabolites, as well as any problems of bioavailability and/or stability. The student will acquire knowledge about industrial processes such as filtration, sterilization and freeze-drying.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to value the problems of a drug and to plane pharmaceutical formulations that allow of overcoming these problems, through chemical modifications of the active. The student will be able to determine the stability of the formulation and to value the deadline of the medicine. Starting to the knowledge of the industrial processes of sterilization, filtration and freeze-drying will be able to choose the best methodologies to apply at a specific drug.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be interactive, with a continue comparison between teacher and students about the arguments with the aim to stimulate the interest of the students and to increase their critical sense. This discussion will allow calling back arguments already discussed in other teachings, and connected among them.

4. Communication skills
The rating of the student will be made through an oral examination that will have as subject one of the arguments treated during the lessons and applied to a specific drug and this will allow of valuing the making to correlate different aspects and to explain them with adequate scientific language.

5. Learning skills
The student will be able to search in the literature and to study critically the scientific papers related to the teaching. In this way, he will be able to elaborate the possible problems related to the drugs and to overcome them as requested by the industrial world.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The general objective of the Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance course is to provide the student with the basic scientific and regulatory knowledge that will allow him/her to: 1) assess autonomously the risk associated to use or exposure to xenobiotics, particularly drugs; 2) act to minimize the risk, in agreement with regulations and guidelines.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
Knowledge of xenobiotic mechanisms of toxicity. Comprehension of the relationship betweem chemical properties and structure and mechanisms of toxicity. Knowledge of the factors influencing the variability in the response to a xenobiotic. Knowledge of toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics; comprehension of their implications and applications in the pharmaceutical field. Knoweldge on the methods of experimental studies. Comprehension of the risk evaluation process and its pharmaceutical applications. Knowledge of the basis of chemical carcinogenesis and developmental toxicity and the methods used for studying them. Knowledge of pharmacovigilance, both acive and passive.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student should be able to evaluate the risk associated to the use or exposure to drugs and other xenobiotics, also in relations to the characteristics of exposed subjects, of the substance e the way of exposure. The student should be able to propose the measures adequate to minimize the risk, also taking into account the current rules, aprticularly in the pharmaceutical field.

3. Making judgements
During the lessons, the teacher frequently questions the students in order to evaluate the comprehension and the ability to use the knowledge learnt. The students will be confronted many examples of real situations that the students will be asked to evaluate. In the final exam, the student will also have to examine and evaluate concrete cases of toxicological problems in the pharmaceutical field.

4. Communication skills
The student must demonstrate the ability to clearly and concisely express their assessment of the cases presented, using scientifically appropriate vocabulary and correct terminology in the regulatory field.

5. Learning skills
The course aims to provide the formation giving the student the ability of evaluating critically the sources of information widely available, particularly in the web. During the course, the teacher will illustrate the main sources of reliable information, such as databases and sites of institutional organizations.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course on Pharmaceutical Technology and Legislation aims to provide the student with the basic notions regarding pharmaceutical technology, with particular reference to the main conventional pharmaceutical forms. The technological aspect is focused on the realization of medicine both at an industrial level and in the pharmacy.
The course also aims to provide the main information concerning the legislation relating to the marketing authorization of a medicinal product, both at the national and European levels. Within the regulatory framework, attention is also paid to the technical standards that must be followed for the production of a medicinal product.
Knowledge of the regulatory framework also concerns the legislation relating to the marketing and dispensing of medicinal products.
The course will also cover the most relevant aspects relating to digital healthcare, healthcare and management information technology, pharmacoeconomic, and the ethical aspects of the pharmacist, including the regulation of the services provided in the pharmacy.
As regards the practical laboratory exercises, carried out individually, the course aims to provide the student with the basic knowledge for the preparation of masterful and medicinal formulas, to carry out the checks required by the Official Pharmacopoeia, to evaluate the correct compilation of the medical prescription, to know and apply the rules connected to the act of dispensing, including the compilation of the label and the assessment of the risks related to the preparation.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have acquired the basic knowledge of pharmaceutical technology regarding the formulation, preparation, and control of the main conventional pharmaceutical forms.
The student will also have learned the basics of Italian and European legislation regarding the marketing of medicines and the main regulations concerning the dispensing of medicines in pharmacies.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have learned the basic knowledge of pharmaceutical technology that will allow him to monitor and control the various phases of the industrial production of medicines, follow the bureaucratic process to obtain the AIC according to the current regulatory framework.
The student will be able to set up the main pharmaceutical forms, taking into account the regulatory framework and safety. You will be able to perform the calculations for the correct preparation of a masterful preparation after checking the formalisms of the medical prescription.
You will have acquired the knowledge to evaluate the correctness of a medical prescription and will be able to recognize the dispensing regime in accordance with current legislation.

3. Making judgements
The lessons, also carried out in an interactive way, often refer to contemporary problems in the pharmaceutical field. The laboratory exercises, carried out individually, and the numerical exercises, turn out to be all activities that, in a synergistic way, help to stimulate her critical skills in the student. The student is thus able to evaluate, having as a prerequisite a good basic preparation, the technological and regulatory aspects relating to the industrial preparation of medicines and also to their preparation as masterful preparations.

4. Communication skills
During the lessons, the teacher will solicit debate and comparison to stimulate in the student good reasoning and communication skills that will be useful in the workplace, both in the case of inclusion in work groups in which he will have to deal with other colleagues and in the case he is entrusted with the task of controlling company activities carried out by others which must be coordinated by him.
Good communication, together with good technical knowledge, will also be essential in the case of practicing the profession of pharmacist in which contact with the public plays a fundamental role in terms of the possibility of providing patients with highly professional advice and information (e.g. how to use the medicine correctly, how to avoid interactions with other active ingredients).

5. Learning skills
The student, also thanks to the help of the recommended texts and websites, will be able to enter the world of work, both in the industrial sector and in the pharmacy sector. This will be possible because the student will have become aware, during the course of the lessons and during the preparation for the exam, of how essential continuous updating is for professional purposes, both from the point of view of new technologies and from a regulatory point of view, a reality which are always evolving.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The course of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology 2 aims to teach the student, in different therapeutic categories, the drugs that represent milestones in the treatment of related diseases, the drug discovery process that led to their identification, the relationships between chemical structure and biological activity, chemical synthesis, molecular mechanism, pharmacological and toxicological effects, the main side effects, the possibility of combined treatments, social and economic implications.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will know all the aforementioned aspects concerning nervous system drugs, both depressive (neuroleptic, anti-anxiety, hypnotics-sedatives, anticonvulsants, anti-Parkinson’s) and stimulants (analectics, antidepressants), narcotic and non-narcotic analgesic drugs, cardiovascular drugs (antiarrhythmics, vasodilators of the coronary, antihypertensive, diuretic, hypolipidemic agents), drugs of the autonomous nervous system (adrenergic and cholinergic), sexual and cortical steroids.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student will recognize a drug belonging to a mentioned category, from another not belonging to the same therapeutic area. He will know which are the most relevant structure-activity relationships in a serie of drugs, and which are the points of the drug that can be chemically modified and which ones can not be altered otherwise the loss of biological activity. He will know the main organic reactions that lead to the synthesis of various drugs. He will know what are the chemical requirements for a molecule to be ligand of a particular receptor, enzyme or ion channel that represents the target of known drugs. He will know the most important and widespread therapeutic problems and therapeutic solutions available to cope and effectively treat the various diseases.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be all interactive, in which the teacher will ask the students continuous questions to stimulate them and develop their critical sense. These questions will also serve to evaluate and solicit students to make connections with everything studied so far, avoiding to consider the study of the subject a study in itself but integrating the pharmaceutical chemistry in light of the knowledge already acquired, both chemical (inorganic, organic, biochemical chemistry) than biological (anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, toxicology).

4. Communication skills
The evaluation of the student's study will be carried out only with an oral exam, which will focus on all the topics of the program, testing the student's communication skills with respect to what he has learned.

5. Learning skills
The student will find the deepening of what he heard in class on the recommended texts. This research work will serve to enable him to rediscover the topics dealt in the future, when the memories of the concepts taught in the classroom will be blurred. The texts will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find in detail the notions that are partly forgotten.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The teaching of Drug Targeting and Delivery provides to the students the main methods to optimize the drug efficiency, starting from the physical-chemical characteristics of the active molecule and the request administration ways. The teaching will present all the most important drug delivery systems, suitable to obtain the therapeutic effect of a specific dug, minimizing its toxicity and increasing the targeting. The teaching tries to increase the interest of the student towards a multidisciplinary research work, employing the knowledge acquired in the previous years of the degree course.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will able to know and understand physical-chemical characteristics of the drugs and the problems related to their delivery such as bioavailability and stability. The student will be able to plain smart drug delivery systems able to target the drug, to the aim of minimizing toxicity and increase the activity.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to value the problems of a drug and to plane innovative pharmaceutical formulations that allow of overcoming these problems. The student will be able to to examine critically the different drug delivery systems in order to choose the most suitable for the specific drug and administration route.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be interactive, with a continue comparison between teacher and students about the arguments, with the aim to stimulate the interest of the students and to increase their critical sense. This discussion will allow calling back arguments already discussed in other teachings, and connected among them.

4. Communication skills
The rating of the student will be made through an oral examination that will have as subject one of the arguments treated during the lessons. The student will search in the literature a recent research paper on the argument, and will present critically the results with a Power Point presentation.

5. Learning skills
The student will be able to search in the literature and to study critically the scientific papers related to the arguments of the teaching. In this way, he will be able to plan innovative formulations in order to increase the efficacy of old drugs by new technological methodologies, as requested by the industrial world.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The teaching of Drug Targeting and Delivery provides to the students the main methods to optimize the drug efficiency, starting from the physical-chemical characteristics of the active molecule and the request administration ways. The teaching will present all the most important drug delivery systems, suitable to obtain the therapeutic effect of a specific dug, minimizing its toxicity and increasing the targeting. The teaching tries to increase the interest of the student towards a multidisciplinary research work, employing the knowledge acquired in the previous years of the degree course.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will able to know and understand physical-chemical characteristics of the drugs and the problems related to their delivery such as bioavailability and stability. The student will be able to plain smart drug delivery systems able to target the drug, to the aim of minimizing toxicity and increase the activity.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to value the problems of a drug and to plane innovative pharmaceutical formulations that allow of overcoming these problems. The student will be able to to examine critically the different drug delivery systems in order to choose the most suitable for the specific drug and administration route.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be interactive, with a continue comparison between teacher and students about the arguments, with the aim to stimulate the interest of the students and to increase their critical sense. This discussion will allow calling back arguments already discussed in other teachings, and connected among them.

4. Communication skills
The rating of the student will be made through an oral examination that will have as subject one of the arguments treated during the lessons. The student will search in the literature a recent research paper on the argument, and will present critically the results with a Power Point presentation.

5. Learning skills
The student will be able to search in the literature and to study critically the scientific papers related to the arguments of the teaching. In this way, he will be able to plan innovative formulations in order to increase the efficacy of old drugs by new technological methodologies, as requested by the industrial world.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
The Industrial Manufacturing of Medicines course aims to provide the knowledge related to the marketing procedure (AIC), to the industrial plant engineering, to the production processes of drugs, to the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and Standards. At the same time the students will acquire the competences of the pharmaceutical technologies used in the industrial production and packaging of medicines. The course will also allow the students to be informed about the regulations that are needed, and later applied, for an appropriate planning and validation for the industrial production of medicines. During specific moments of discussion and deeper insight the students will have the opportunity to contact people that exert their professional activity in pharmaceutical companies.
Industrial Manufacturing of Medicines is an interdisciplinary course that has an applicative approach which will allow, after the final degree (laurea specialistica), to enter the working world because he/she will be able to face, analyze and evaluate the various problems related to the industrial processes that are needed for medicine marketing.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
Regulation, technologies, processes, and plant engineering knowledge required to operate with high qualification in the manufacturing industry of traditional, innovative, and biotechnological medicines will be acquired.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student will be able to apply the information given during the lectures that will face the specific topics related to the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, both from a technical point of view as well as in accordance with current regulations.
The student will be able to follow the various phases of drug production for the different dosage forms. At the same time, the acquired preparation, will allow him/her to face all the steps and problems related to formulation, regulation, safety, and validation.

3. Making judgements
The “classical” lectures will include discussion and assessment method moments, together with programmed interactions with people directly involved in pharmaceutical companies, will allow the students to organize and follow a specific project. Taking into consideration one of the topics that were faced during the course they will be able to write (singularly or as a team) a report that can demonstrate their autonomous ability to evaluate the technological, regulatory and safety issues related to the manufacturing of the various dosage forms.
The students will be divided in small groups and then it will be requested to apply, according to a more practical approach, the information acquired during the first part of the lesson. For a deeper insight, experts in the specific fields faced during the lessons will be invited.

4. Communication skills
During the course, several moments will be devoted to debates, discussions, and roundtables under the professor’s supervision; in this sense specific selected topics will be assigned to the students. This activity, that will be carried out both individually and as small groups, will allow to evaluate the communication skills of the students with respect to the acquired information. These sessions will be important to develop the ability to critically evaluate technological, regulatory and safety issues related to the manufacturing of the various dosage forms. In these occasions the students will also develop their ability to properly report on the selected topics in front of the professor and their colleagues (peer assessment).

5. Learning skills
Both theoretical and practical information that will be given during the course is also intended to develop the personal ability of an autonomous and independent learning (continuous education). This will allow the students to critically evaluate the medicine production and validation processes, and to appropriately understand, and correctly apply, the current regulations. Furthermore, the preparation acquired during the course will allow the students to keep his/her information and skills always updated in the field of industrial pharmaceutical production: a world which is in continuous and rapid evolution.