Medicine and Surgery

Teaching unit 1. Introduction to physics methods (teaching commitment assessed in CFU = 0.25). Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve operations between vectors; perform conversions between units of measurement: - Scientific notation; - Physical quantities, dimensions and units of measurement, International System of Units. Conversions between units of measurement and order of magnitude estimation. Extensive and intensive quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. - Equations with variables representing physical quantities; - Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral. - Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, scalar product and vector product). Teaching unit 2. Mechanics (teaching commitment assessed in CFU= 1.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanics: - kinematics of the material point: definition of position and displacement over time. Concept of trajectory and hourly law. Distinction between average speed and instantaneous speed, between average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motions, with significant examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. - Dynamics of a material point: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of the three principles of dynamics. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between resultant force and acceleration (second law). Action and reaction between interacting bodies (third law). Application to the concepts of translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight force, gravitational force, contact forces and friction force (static and dynamic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke's law for ideal springs. - Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relationship with work done in a time interval. Kinetic energy theorem. Work and comparison between conservative and non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy. Examples: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. Theorem of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. - Momentum: introduction to the concept of momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions, with distinction between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Systems of bodies: definition of centre of mass and description of its motion. Characteristics of a rigid body. Torque and conditions for rotational equilibrium. Moment of inertia as a measure of resistance to rotation. Angular momentum and its conservation in the absence of external moments. Application examples: levers. Deformable bodies: introduction to the concepts of elasticity, stress and strain, generalised Hooke's law, Young's modulus and breaking load of materials. Teaching Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (teaching commitment assessed in CFU = 1) Describe and interpret elements of fluid mechanics. Correlate the principles of fluid dynamics with flows, resistances and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to fluid mechanics: - States of matter: fundamental characteristics of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in the static and dynamic behaviour of fluids. - Laws of hydrostatics: Stevino's law for pressure in liquids as a function of depth; Pascal's principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes' principle for the thrust that a fluid exerts on an immersed body. Analysis of buoyancy conditions. Instruments and methods for measuring pressure (Torricelli's experiment, manometer). - Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and flow rate, distinction between steady and turbulent motion, with particular attention to laminar motion. Continuity equation and conservation of mass in ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem and its interpretation in terms of conservation of mechanical energy. Torricelli's theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis and aneurysm). - Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar motion, parabolic velocity profile, concept of velocity gradient. Poiseuille's law and hydraulic resistances in series and in parallel. - Surface phenomena: surface tension and its effects on small quantities of liquid. Capillary phenomena and behaviour of fluid interfaces, both flat and curved. Curvature pressure and its qualitative description using Laplace's law, with reference to phenomena observable in biological contexts (e.g. in the lungs or blood capillaries). Teaching unit 4. Mechanical waves (teaching commitment assessed in CFU= 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanical waves. Correlate wave phenomena in the acoustic field. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanical waves: - Mechanical waves: introduction to the nature of mechanical waves as phenomena of energy propagation and perturbation through a material medium. Concept of harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Definition of frequency, period, pulsation and wavelength. Wave propagation speed and relationship between wave parameters. Propagation equation for simple harmonic waves. Description of the wave vector. Examples of one-dimensional waves: transverse waves on a string and longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in fluids. - Principles of superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and formation of constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. - Energy carried by waves: concept of energy associated with a mechanical wave. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as a measurable physical quantity, linked to the energy transported per unit of area and time. - Acoustic waves: propagation of sound in different materials, with particular attention to the speed of sound in air and other materials. Relationship between acoustic intensity and sound perception. Definition of sound intensity level in decibels. Concept of hearing threshold and limits of audibility of the human ear. - Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent change in perceived frequency as a function of the relative motion between the source and the observer. Teaching unit 5. Thermodynamics (teaching commitment assessed in CFU= 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to thermodynamics: - Fundamental concepts: definition of system and environment. Thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and thermodynamic state. State functions. Temperature and its measurement scales. Characteristics of ideal gases, ideal gas law, universal gas constant. Real gases: concept of critical temperature and deviations from ideal behaviour. Internal energy and microscopic interpretation based on kinetic theory of gases. - Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges in the form of heat. Definition of heat capacity and specific heat, with reference to ideal gases. Phenomena of physical state change (melting, evaporation, condensation), latent heat. Calorimetry and experimental methods for measuring heat exchange. - Heat transfer mechanisms: thermal conduction, convection and radiation. Heat flow. Thermal emission, Wien's law and radiated power. Examples of heat transfer. - First law of thermodynamics: definition and physical meaning. Internal energy, heat and work. Application of the first law to thermodynamic transformations. Reversible and irreversible transformations. Canonical transformations in ideal gases: isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic, with qualitative comparison of behaviours. - Second law of thermodynamics: fundamental statements and concept of irreversibility. Thermodynamic cycles: definition and operation. Thermal machines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function, macroscopic implications and statistical interpretation. Link between entropy variation and the natural direction of thermodynamic processes. Teaching unit 6. Electricity and magnetism (teaching commitment assessed in CFU= 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electrical and magnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to elements of electricity and magnetism: - Electric charge and interactions: fundamental properties of electric charge, units of measurement, conservation of charge. Interaction between point charges and Coulomb's law. Definition of electric field and representation by lines of force. Field generated by a point charge or a distribution of multiple point charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform electric field. - Gauss's law: electric field flux through a closed surface. Applications to symmetrical charge distributions: conductive sphere, uniformly charged plane, charged wire in electrostatic equilibrium. - Energy and electric potential: potential energy associated with a distribution of charges. Definition of electric potential and potential difference. Conservation of energy for a charge moving in an electric field. Electric dipole and dipole moment. - Conductors and dielectrics (insulators): phenomena of electrostatic induction and polarisation. - Electric current: direct current, current intensity, electric generator and applied potential difference. Conduction in ohmic conductors. Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity of materials. Electrical power dissipated by the Joule effect. Combination of resistors in series and in parallel. - Capacitance and capacitors: concept of electrical capacitance. Capacitance of a flat capacitor, effect of the presence of a dielectric. Energy stored in a charged capacitor. Series and parallel connections of capacitors. Charging and discharging of a capacitor over time. - Magnetic field: origin of the magnetic field from electric currents (Oerstedt's experiment). Lorentz force on a moving charge and on a wire carrying current. Circular motion of an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a current-carrying loop immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic dipole moment. - Biot-Savart law: infinitesimal contribution to the magnetic field generated by a current. Examples: straight wire, circular loop, ideal solenoid. Field distribution and orientation. - Electromagnetic induction: variation in magnetic flux and generation of electromotive force. Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law. Induced currents and their direction. - Applications: cell membrane potentials, depolarisation and repolarisation of cell membranes. Teaching unit 7. Electromagnetic radiation (teaching commitment assessed in CFU= 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand the effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to elements of electromagnetic radiation: - Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature of electromagnetic waves as a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other; fundamental characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation in a vacuum and in material media, amplitude and intensity of the wave. Relationship between wave intensity and amount of energy transported. Main units of measurement. - Electromagnetic radiation spectrum: division of the spectrum into regions (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), in ascending order of frequency and descending order of wavelength. - Energy quantisation: concept of the photon as a quantum of energy associated with radiation; relationship between photon energy and frequency. Interpretation of the photoelectric effect and implications for the quantum nature of radiation. Selective absorption of photons by biological molecules. - Radioactivity and radioactive decay: definition of unstable nucleus, concept of radioactive isotopes. Main types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and associated nuclear transformations. - Ionising and non-ionising radiation: distinction based on the energy carried by the radiation compared to the ionisation energy of atoms. Examples of non-ionising radiation (radio waves, microwaves, infrared) and ionising radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). - Optics: laws of reflection and refraction of light, concept of refractive index, phenomenon of dispersion. Properties of thin lenses: converging and diverging lenses, formation of real and virtual images. Examples: the microscope.

Knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is required, in line with the curriculum promoted by educational institutions that organise educational and teaching activities consistent with the National Guidelines for secondary schools and the Guidelines for technical and vocational institutions.

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

In accordance with the programme's teaching regulations, students are required to attend all teaching and professional development activities. Attendance is monitored by the University via a computerised system. Students must provide proof of attendance at compulsory teaching activities in order to sit the relevant examination.

The course assessment methods are governed by Ministerial Decree no. 418 of 30/05/2025. Art. 5, paragraph 1 of Ministerial Decree 418 of 30/05/2025: ‘The examinations for the three courses referred to in Article 4 shall be held on the same date and at the same time in all universities offering the filter semester, even if this is in derogation from the prohibition on taking examinations on the same date provided for in the University's teaching regulations.’ Art. 5, paragraph 3 of Ministerial Decree 418 of 30/05/2025: ‘Each examination consists of thirty-one (31) questions, fifteen (15) of which are multiple choice and sixteen (16) of which are fill-in-the-blank, as provided for in Annex 2, which forms an integral part of this decree... A time limit of 45 minutes is assigned for each examination relating to each course.’

All course materials are available on the Moodle platform. https://elearning.uniroma1.it/course/view.php?id=19844

The lecturer delivers classroom teaching in the traditional manner, using audiovisual aids and scheduling lessons as indicated on the GOMP Classroom/Timetable System and published on the degree programme and faculty websites.

Physical quantities and units. The SI system. Kinematics of the particle. Scalars and vectors. Motion in 2D. Newton's laws and the laws of dynamics. Work and energy. Conservation of energy. The center of mass of a solid body. Momentum of a particle. Momentum of a system of particles. Conservation of momentum. Equilibrium of solid bodies. Principles of statics applied to the human body. Momentum and its use in the human body. Fluid statics. Fluid dynamics. General concepts ts about fluids motion. Continuity equation. Bernoulli’s equation. Pumps and heart. Stenosis and Aneurysm. TIA. Surface tension and Laplace. Real fluids. Laminar and turbulent motion. Hagen-Poiseuille. Measurement of blood pressure. Physics of circulatory and respiratory system. Cardiac work and power. Wave phenomena. Mechanical waves. Example of waves. The propagation of waves. The speed of waves. Wave intensity and wave power. Superposition principle. Temperature. Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. Thermal Expansion. The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature. The Ideal Gas Law. Heat and Internal Energy. Specific Heat. Calorimetry. Heat conduction. Heat capacity and specific heat. The first law of thermodynamics. Entropy and second law of thermodynamics. Human Metabolism and the First Law. Electric charge and Coulomb’s law. Electric Field. Electric field flux and Gauss’ law. Isolated charged conductor. Electrostatic and gravitational forces. Electric potential energy. Equipotential surfaces. Capacitor and dielectric. Electric current. Current density. Resistance, resistivity and conductivity. Ohm’s law. Circuit. Heart electrical phenomena: ECG. The Magnetic field, Motion of charge in a magnetic field. Biot-Savart law. Ampere’s law. Faraday’s law of induction. Lenz’s rule. Electromotive force resulting from motion. Induced electric field. Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields. Maxwell's Equations. Production of Electromagnetic Waves. Light as an Electromagnetic Wave. The electromagnetic spectrum and the relative applications to medicine: Pulse oximetry, thermography, X-ray diagnostics. Geometric optics. The Ray Model of Light. Reflection. Image Formation by a plane and a spherical Mirror. Indcx of Refraction. Snell's Law. Total Internal Reflection. Fiber Optics. Thin Lenses. Ray Tracing. The Thin Lens Equation. Magnification. The Human Eye. Corrective Lenses. Reso1ution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification. Optical fibers and endoscopy. Atomic model. X ray spectrum. The discovery of the nucleus. Some nucleus’ propertContents: Physics quantities and measurement units. The SI system. Point mass kinematics. Scalars and vectors. 2D motion. Force and Newton’s laws of motions. Work and energy. Conservation of energy. The center of mass of a solid body. Point mass momentum. Momentum of a particles system. Conservation of momentum. Equilibrium of solid bodies. Principles of statics applied to human body. Torque and its use in the human body. Fluids statics. Fluids Dynamics. General concepies. Radioactive decay. Ionizing radiation.

Conoscenze di base fornite dalla scuola secondaria di secondo grado

Fisica per scienze ed ingegneria: Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett Fondamenti di Fisica: David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker John Wiley & Sons

The course takes place with lectures in which students are required a continuous interaction by favoring questions on the topics discussed during the lesson.

To Pass the test student must obtain a note of 18/30 for each subject of the integrated teach. Student must possess a sufficient knowledge of the program To obtain a note of 30/30 with distinction student must possess an excellent knowledge of the whole program using a correct terminology to expose the topics

The course takes place with lectures in which students are required a continuous interaction by favoring questions on the topics discussed during the lesson.

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Physical quantities and units. The SI system. Kinematics of the particle. Scalars and vectors. Motion in 2D. Newton's laws and the laws of dynamics. Work and energy. Conservation of energy. The center of mass of a solid body. Momentum of a particle. Momentum of a system of particles. Conservation of momentum. Equilibrium of solid bodies. Principles of statics applied to the human body. Momentum and its use in the human body. Fluid statics. Fluid dynamics. General concepts ts about fluids motion. Continuity equation. Bernoulli’s equation. Pumps and heart. Stenosis and Aneurysm. TIA. Surface tension and Laplace. Real fluids. Laminar and turbulent motion. Hagen-Poiseuille. Measurement of blood pressure. Physics of circulatory and respiratory system. Cardiac work and power. Wave phenomena. Mechanical waves. Example of waves. The propagation of waves. The speed of waves. Wave intensity and wave power. Superposition principle. Temperature. Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. Thermal Expansion. The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature. The Ideal Gas Law. Heat and Internal Energy. Specific Heat. Calorimetry. Heat conduction. Heat capacity and specific heat. The first law of thermodynamics. Entropy and second law of thermodynamics. Human Metabolism and the First Law. Electric charge and Coulomb’s law. Electric Field. Electric field flux and Gauss’ law. Isolated charged conductor. Electrostatic and gravitational forces. Electric potential energy. Equipotential surfaces. Capacitor and dielectric. Electric current. Current density. Resistance, resistivity and conductivity. Ohm’s law. Circuit. Heart electrical phenomena: ECG. The Magnetic field, Motion of charge in a magnetic field. Biot-Savart law. Ampere’s law. Faraday’s law of induction. Lenz’s rule. Electromotive force resulting from motion. Induced electric field. Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields. Maxwell's Equations. Production of Electromagnetic Waves. Light as an Electromagnetic Wave. The electromagnetic spectrum and the relative applications to medicine: Pulse oximetry, thermography, X-ray diagnostics. Geometric optics. The Ray Model of Light. Reflection. Image Formation by a plane and a spherical Mirror. Indcx of Refraction. Snell's Law. Total Internal Reflection. Fiber Optics. Thin Lenses. Ray Tracing. The Thin Lens Equation. Magnification. The Human Eye. Corrective Lenses. Reso1ution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification. Optical fibers and endoscopy. Atomic model. X ray spectrum. The discovery of the nucleus. Some nucleus’ propertContents: Physics quantities and measurement units. The SI system. Point mass kinematics. Scalars and vectors. 2D motion. Force and Newton’s laws of motions. Work and energy. Conservation of energy. The center of mass of a solid body. Point mass momentum. Momentum of a particles system. Conservation of momentum. Equilibrium of solid bodies. Principles of statics applied to human body. Torque and its use in the human body. Fluids statics. Fluids Dynamics. General concepies. Radioactive decay. Ionizing radiation.

Conoscenze di base fornite dalla scuola secondaria di secondo grado

Fisica per scienze ed ingegneria: Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett Fondamenti di Fisica: David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker John Wiley & Sons

The course takes place with lectures in which students are required a continuous interaction by favoring questions on the topics discussed during the lesson.

To Pass the test student must obtain a note of 18/30 for each subject of the integrated teach. Student must possess a sufficient knowledge of the program To obtain a note of 30/30 with distinction student must possess an excellent knowledge of the whole program using a correct terminology to expose the topics

The course takes place with lectures in which students are required a continuous interaction by favoring questions on the topics discussed during the lesson.

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM