corso|33485

MEDICAL ULTRASOUND EQUIPMENTS – ABOUT 4,5 CFU Fundamentals. Sound propagation, reflection, attenuation, acoustic impedance. Piezoelectricity. Characteristics and performances of piezoelectric materials. Ultrasound imaging theories, techniques and technologies. A-mode, B-mode, M-mode. Ultrasound probes; theory and technology. Mechanical probes, array probes. Doppler techniques (continuous wave, pulsed wave, color ). MRI and CT – ABOUT 4,5 CFU Physics and technology of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. Magnetic Dipole and Spin. The sequences: Saturation Recovery, Inversion Recovery, Spin-Eco and Gradient Eco. Radiofrequency pulses. Gradients: basic technology and supply. Contrast. Various types of MRI equipments with some technological aspects. X-Ray Computed Tomography: Basic principles and Image reconstruction techniques.

1) F.P. Branca "Fondamenti di Ingegneria Clinica" - Volume II - Ed. Springer. 2) lecture notes and other material distributed by the teacher.

The (oral) examination is usually carried out around two themes which correspond to the three main sections of the course: Clinical Ultrasound, CT and MRI The parameters which are utilized for evaluating the candidate are: - Knowledge and ability to expose the various themes and topics encountered during the course - The proper adoption of technical terms - The ability to autonomously revise the course topics - The ability to refer the knowledges acquired during the previous studies and to adopt them properly ad accordingly in order to gain a comprehensive and strict speech during the examination

MEDICAL ULTRASOUND EQUIPMENTS – ABOUT 4,5 CFU Fundamentals. Sound propagation, reflection, attenuation, acoustic impedance. Piezoelectricity. Characteristics and performances of piezoelectric materials. Ultrasound imaging theories, techniques and technologies. A-mode, B-mode, M-mode. Ultrasound probes; theory and technology. Mechanical probes, array probes. Doppler techniques (continuous wave, pulsed wave, color ). MRI and CT – ABOUT 4,5 CFU Physics and technology of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. Magnetic Dipole and Spin. The sequences: Saturation Recovery, Inversion Recovery, Spin-Eco and Gradient Eco. Radiofrequency pulses. Gradients: basic technology and supply. Contrast. Various types of MRI equipments with some technological aspects. X-Ray Computed Tomography: Basic principles and Image reconstruction techniques.

1) F.P. Branca "Fondamenti di Ingegneria Clinica" - Volume II - Ed. Springer. 2) lecture notes and other material distributed by the teacher.

The (oral) examination is usually carried out around two themes which correspond to the three main sections of the course: Clinical Ultrasound, CT and MRI The parameters which are utilized for evaluating the candidate are: - Knowledge and ability to expose the various themes and topics encountered during the course - The proper adoption of technical terms - The ability to autonomously revise the course topics - The ability to refer the knowledges acquired during the previous studies and to adopt them properly ad accordingly in order to gain a comprehensive and strict speech during the examination

MEDICAL ULTRASOUND EQUIPMENTS – ABOUT 4,5 CFU Fundamentals. Sound propagation, reflection, attenuation, acoustic impedance. Piezoelectricity. Characteristics and performances of piezoelectric materials. Ultrasound imaging theories, techniques and technologies. A-mode, B-mode, M-mode. Ultrasound probes; theory and technology. Mechanical probes, array probes. Doppler techniques (continuous wave, pulsed wave, color ). MRI and CT – ABOUT 4,5 CFU Physics and technology of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. Magnetic Dipole and Spin. The sequences: Saturation Recovery, Inversion Recovery, Spin-Eco and Gradient Eco. Radiofrequency pulses. Gradients: basic technology and supply. Contrast. Various types of MRI equipments with some technological aspects. X-Ray Computed Tomography: Basic principles and Image reconstruction techniques.

1) F.P. Branca "Fondamenti di Ingegneria Clinica" - Volume II - Ed. Springer. 2) lecture notes and other material distributed by the teacher.

The (oral) examination is usually carried out around two themes which correspond to the three main sections of the course: Clinical Ultrasound, CT and MRI The parameters which are utilized for evaluating the candidate are: - Knowledge and ability to expose the various themes and topics encountered during the course - The proper adoption of technical terms - The ability to autonomously revise the course topics - The ability to refer the knowledges acquired during the previous studies and to adopt them properly ad accordingly in order to gain a comprehensive and strict speech during the examination

LECTURES Ultrasound propagation • Calculation of reflection and transmission coefficients for structures with dimensions greater than the wavelength. Absorption in biological tissues. The absorption coefficient alfa as a function of frequency. Calculation scheme of the amplitude of the pressure wave echoes generated at the interface for a variation of the acoustic impedance. The formation of the ultrasonic field • Calculation of the pressure field generated by a cylindrical piston along the acoustic axis z. Calculation of the depth of field near the diameter and frequency. • Characteristic quantities of the self-focusing ultrasonic transducer. Geometric interpretation of the f/number. Calculation of the pressure field and envelope of the maxima for the spherical transducer. Calculation of the spatial length and temporal uration of an acoustic pulse generated by the piezoelement. The basic probe • Example of calculation relating to the matching of electrical impedances for a piezoelectric transducer. Example of calculation of the equivalent circuit of the second order piezoelement system at resonance both in transmission and reception. Diagnostic sonar • Example of calculation relating to the A-Mode tracing of the echoes detected in a pulse-echo system. Calculation of the amplitude of the ultrasound signal by varying the amplification of the Time Gain Compensation (TGC). The formation of the ultrasound image • Mechanical scanning. Example of calculation of sizing of the kinematics of an oscillating probe and respective technological components such as piezoelement, matching layer, backing and acoustic lens. • Electronic scanning probe. Example of sizing calculation and verification of technological components such as piezoelement array, matching layer, backing and acoustic lens. • Basic concepts of ultrasound image quality control. The net magnetization M. • Example of calculation of the net magnetic moment M in thermal equilibrium.

Previous knowledge of the topics pertaining to the exams of Physics I, Physics II, Analysis II, Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Mechanical Measurements is essential in order to understand the contents and achieve the learning objectives of the exercises.

•F. P. Branca – Fondamenti di Ingegneria Clinica. Volume 2 Ecotomografia – SPRINGER. •Lecture notes by the teacher.

Frequency modality is optional.

The examination procedure is oral and provides for the verification of the topics covered in the classroom.

The activities are organized in frontal exercises integrated with classroom exercises according to the learning by doing method. Both optical and SEM images of the disassembled components of decommissioned commercial ultrasonic probes are also reported.