LYTIC TECHNOLOGY

Course objectives

In consistency with the educational purposes of the whole teaching course, aim of the teaching unit is to give students knowledge and comprehension skills in the field of LITHIC TECHNOLOGY, that complete and/or reinforce those acquired in the first grade of studies. Moreover, it will make the students able to approach orginal themes in a research context, making more complex judgments, communicating knowledge and its process, and studying the subject in an independent and self-educational way. Students will acquire a basic knowledge of human evolution during the Pleistocene, from African origins to the peopling of most continents, taking into account archaeological evidence, environmental changes, human adaptation, technological developments, and the emergence of symbolic behaviour.

Channel 1
ENZA ELENA SPINAPOLICE Lecturers' profile

Program - Frequency - Exams

Course program
Lithic technology will be addressed in all its evolutionary, cognitive and technical aspects.
Prerequisites
None
Books
Raw Materials and Mobility - Spinapolice, E. E. (2012). Raw material economy in Salento (Apulia, Italy): new perspectives on Neanderthal mobility patterns. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(3). -  Féblot-Augustins, J., & Perlès, C. (1992). Perspectives ethnoarchéologiques sur les échanges à longue distance. In APDCA (Ed.), XII rencontres internationales d’Archéologie et d’Histoire d’Antibes (pp. 195?209). Juan les Pins. - Perlès, C. (1991). Économie des matières premières et économie du débitage: deux conceptions opposées. 25 ans d’études technologiques en préhistoire: Bilan et perspectives, 35-46. Middle Range Research and Stone Tools - Binford LR. 1981. Behavioral archaeology and the Pompeii premise. Journal of Anthropological Research 37:195-207. - Binford LR. 1981. Bones: ancient men and modern myths. New York: Academic Press. 320 p. - Gifford-Gonzalez D. 1991. Bones are not enough: analogues, knowledge, and interpretive strategies in zooarchaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10(3):215-254. - Shea JJ. 2011. Stone tool analysis and human origins research: Some advice from uncle Screwtape. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 20(2):48-53. Typologies - Andrefsky Chap 4; - Bordes, F. Typologie du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Presses du CNRS, 1988. - Brown JA. 1982. On the structure of artifact typologies. Essays on archeological typology: Evanston, Ill. : Center for American Archeology Press, 1982. p 176-189. - Debenath A, Dibble HL. 1994. Handbook of Paleolithic Typology. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. 202 p. Chap 1; - Ford JA. 1954. The type concept revisited. American Anthropologist 56:42-54. - Spaulding AC. 1953. Statistical techniques for the discovery of artifact types. American Antiquity 18(4):305-313. -Steward JH. 1954. Types of types. American Anthropologist 56:54-57. - Schiffer MB. 1976. Behavioral Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. 222 p.(Chap 3) - Shea, J. J. (2014). Sink the Mousterian? Named stone tool industries (NASTIES) as obstacles to investigating hominin evolutionary relationships in the Later Middle Paleolithic Levant. Quaternary International, 350, 169-179. - Shea, J. J. (2011). Stone tool analysis and human origins research: some advice from Uncle Screwtape. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 20(2), 48-53. The Bordes-Binford Debate - Bordes F, de Sonneville-Bordes D. 1970. The significance of variability in Paleolithic assemblages. World Archaeology 2(1):61-73. - - Barton CM. 1997. Stone tools, style, and social identity: an evolutionary perspective on the archaeological record. In: Barton CM, Clark GA, editors. Rediscovering Darwin: evolutionary theory and archaeological explanation. 7th ed. Washington: American Anthropological Association. p 141-156. - Sackett JR. 1982. Approaches to Style in Lithic Analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1:59-112. - Binford LR. 1973. Interassemblage variability - the Mousterian and the 'functional' argument. In: Renfrew AC, editor. Explanation of Culture Change: Models in Prehistory. London: Duckworth Press. p 227-254. - Dibble HL. 1987. Interpretation of Middle Paleolithic scraper morphology. American Antiquity Course Schedule and Topics* 52(1):109-117. The Curation Concept - Binford LR. 1979. Organization and formation processes: looking at curated technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35(3):255-273. -Nash S. 1996. Is curation a useful heuristic. In: Odell GA, editor. Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights Into Human Prehistory. New York: Plenum Press. p 81-97. - Shott MJ. 1996. An exegesis of the curation concept. Journal of Anthropological Research 52(3):259-280. - Shott MJ, Sillitoe P. 2004. Modeling use-life distributions in archaeology using new guinea wola ethnographic data. American Antiquity 69(2):339- 355. - Binford LR. 2001. Where do research problems come from? American Antiquity 66(4):669-678. - Andrefsky W. 1994. Raw-Material Availability and the Organization of Technology. American Antiquity 59(1):21-34. - Frison, G. C. (1968). A functional analysis of certain chipped stone tools. American Antiquity, 33(2), 149-155. - Shott, M. (1989). On tool class use lives and the formation of archaeological assemblages. American Antiquity, 50, 9?30. - Cahen, D., Keeley, L. H., Van Noten, F. L., Behm, J. A., Busby, C. I., Dunnell, R. C., ... & Movius Jr, H. L. (1979). Stone tools, toolkits, and human behavior in prehistory [and comments and reply]. Current Anthropology, 20(4), 661-683. - Bleed, P. (1986). The optimal design of hunting weapons: maintainability or reliability? American Antiquity, 51, 737?747. Technological Organization - Bamforth DB. 1990. Settlement, raw material, and lithic procurement in the central Mojave Desert. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9(1):70- 104. - Milliken S. 1998. The Role of Raw Material Availability in Technological Organization: A Case Study from the south-east Italian Late Paleolithic. In: Milliken S, editor. The Organization of Lithic Technology in Late Glacial and Early Postglacial Europe: BAR. - Kuhn SL. 1994. A formal approach to the design and assembly of mobile toolkits. American Antiquity 59(3):426-442. - Morrow TA. 1996. Bigger is better: Comments on Kuhn's formal approach to mobile tool kits. American Antiquity 61(3):581-590. - Nelson MC. 1991. The study of technological organization. Archaeological Method and Theory 3:57-100. - Holdaway, S., Douglass, M., 2012. A twenty-first century archaeology of stone artifacts, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 19, 101-131. - Riel-Salvatore, J., 2010. A niche construction perspective on the middle–upper paleolithic Course Schedule and Topics* transition in Italy, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17, 323-355. - Douglass, M.J., Holdaway, S.J., Fanning, P.C. & Shiner, J.I. 2008. An assessment and archaeological application of cortex measurement in lithic assemblages. American Antiquity 513-526. Reduction Sequence and Chaine Operatoire - Shott MJ. 2003. Chaîne opératoire and reduction sequence. Lithic Technology 28(2):95-105. - Clarkson C, Hiscock P. 2011. Estimating original flake mass from 3D scans of platform area. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(5):1062-1068. - Conard NJ, Soressi M, Parkington JE, Wurz S, Yates R. 2004. A unified lithic taxonomy based on patterns of core reduction. South African Archaeological Bulletin 59(179):12-16. - Tostevin GB. 2011. Levels of theory and social practice in the reduction sequence and Chaine Operatoire methods of Lithic Analysis. PaleoAnthropology 2011:351-375. - Inizan, M.-L., Reduron-Ballinger, M., Roche, H., Tixier, J., 1999. Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone, CREP, Nanterre. - Van Peer P, Bar-Yosef O. 2009. The Chaine Operatoire Approach in Middle Paleolithic Archaeology. Current Anthropology 50(1):103-131. - Boëda, E. (1994). Le concept Levallois: variabilité des méthodes. Archéo éditions. - Boëda, E., Geneste, J. M., & Meignen, L. (1990). Identification de chaînes opératoires lithiques du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Paléo, Revue d'Archéologie Préhistorique, 2(1), 43-80. Stone Tools and Evolution - Bettinger RL, Eerkens JW. 1999. Point typologies, cultural transmission, and the spread of bow-and arrow technology in the Prehistoric Great Basin. American Antiquity 64:231-242. - Bettinger RL. 1997. Evolutionary implications of metrical variation in Great Basin projectile points. In: Barton CM, Clark GA, editors. Rediscovering Darwin: evolutionary teheory and archaeological explanation. 7th ed. Washington: American Anthropological Association. p 177-191. - Fitzhugh B. 2001. Risk and invention in human technological evolution. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20(2):125-167. - Lycett SJ, Norton CJ. 2010. A demographic model for Palaeolithic technological evolution: The case of East Asia and the Movius Line. Quaternary International 211(1-2):55-65. - Mesoudi A, O'Brien MJ. 2008. The cultural transmission of great basin projectile-point technology I:An experimental simulation. American Antiquity 73:3-28. - Kuhn SL. 2004. Evolutionary perspectives on technology and technological change. World Archaeology 36(4):561-570. - Bettinger, R. L. (2009). Macroevolutionary Theory and Archaeology: Is There a Big Picture? Macroevolution in Human Prehistory, Springer: 275-295. Projectiles or Not - Shea JJ. 2006. The origins of lithic projectile point technology: evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(6):823-846. -Shea JJ, Davis Z, Brown K. 2001. Experimental tests of Middle Palaeolithic spear points using a calibrated crossbow. Journal of Archaeological Science 28(8):807-816. -Shea JJ. 1997. Middle Paleolithic Spear Point Technology. In: Knecht H, editor. Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press. p 79-106. - Holdaway S. 1989. Were There Hafted Projectile Points in the Mousterian? Journal of Field Archaeology 16:79-85. -Solecki RL. 1992. More on hafted projectile points in the Mousterian. Journal of Field Archaeology 19(2):207-212. -Lombard M. 2005. Evidence of hunting and hafting during the Middle Stone Age at Sibidu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a multianalytical approach. Journal of Human Evolution 48(3):279- 300. - Villa, P., Soressi, M., Henshilwood, C.S., Mourre, V., 2009. The Still Bay points of Blombos Cave (South Africa), J. Archaeol. Sci. 36, 441-460. -Wilkins, J., Schoville, B.J., Brown, K.S., Chazan, M., 2012. Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology, Science 338, 942-946. - Villa, P., Boscato, P., Ranaldo, F., Ronchitelli, A., 2009. Stone tools for the hunt: points with impact scars from a Middle Paleolithic site in southern Course Schedule and Topics* Italy, J. Archaeol. Sci. 36, 850-859. Cognition - Wynn T, Tierson F. 1990. Regional comparison of the shapes of later Acheulean handaxes. American Anthropologist 92(1):73-84. - McPherron SP. 2000. Handaxes as a measure of the mental capabilities of early hominids. Journal of Archaeological Science 27(8):655-663. Style and shape - Hayden, B. (1984). Are Emic Types Relevant to Archaeology? Ethnohistory, 31(2), 79-92.
Teaching mode
In presence and online lessons, laboratories and writing workshop with peer-review.
Exam mode
Oral exam
Lesson mode
Frontal lessons and seminars.
  • Lesson code1052204
  • Academic year2025/2026
  • CourseArchaeology
  • CurriculumArcheologia preistorica e protostorica
  • Year1st year
  • Duration12 months
  • SSDL-ANT/01
  • CFU6