Medicine and Surgery

A) HISTOLOGY Study methods: concepts of fixation and staining. Basics of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The various types of microscopes and their uses. Main methodologies for studying cells and cellular components. Cell aggregation: concepts of tissue, organ, and system. Tissue renewal; stem cells and the kinetics of cell populations. Epithelial tissues. Lining epithelia: cell polarity, cytoskeleton, membrane specializations; histogenesis, histological organization, classification; illustrative examples of the structure-function relationship (epidermis, intestinal epithelium, ciliated epithelium, endothelia). Exocrine and endocrine glands: mechanisms of cellular secretion; histogenesis, histological organization, classification; references to the main exocrine and endocrine glands. Connective tissues. Histogenesis, mesenchyme. Histological organization: cells, matrix, fibers. Structure-function relationship. Special connective tissues: reticular, adipose, elastic, and mucous. The macrophage system, endocytosis, and lysosomes. Blood and lymph. Notes on the composition of blood plasma. Morphology and morphofunctional relationships of corpuscular elements. Determination of the main blood values. Myeloid and lymphoid tissue. Hematopoiesis and hemocataresis. Cartilaginous tissue. Histogenesis, histological organization, and morphofunctional relationships. The various types of cartilage. The perichondrium. Mechanisms of cartilage nutrition and growth. Bone tissue. Histological organization of compact and cancellous bone. The periosteum. The various types of ossification. Mechanisms of bone growth and remodeling. Functions of bone tissue. Muscle tissues. Histogenesis, histological organization, and morpho-functional relationships of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue. Nervous tissue. Histogenesis and general organization, and morpho-functional relationships. Neuron types and their morphology. Neuroglia. The synapse. The nerve fiber; general structure of nerves. B) EMBRYOLOGY Gametogenesis. The structural organization of the gonads. The seminiferous epithelium and spermatogenesis. Oogenesis and folliculogenesis. Ovulation. The ovarian and uterine cycles. Hormonal regulation of gametogenesis. Fertilization. Structural aspects and morpho-functional correlations. Preparation for implantation: changes in the uterine mucosa. First and second weeks of development: segmentation, formation of the embryonic area. Third week: gastrulation, primary EMT. Notochord. Formation of the definitive layers. Fourth week: Folding of the embryo and delimitation of the embryonic area. Fate of the three layers Evolution of the ectoderm: formation of the neural tube. Primitive, definitive, and derived brain vesicles. Evolution of the mesoderm: somites, intermediate mesoderm, lateral mesoderm, and their definitive derivatives. Development of the male and female urinary and genital systems. Evolution of the endoderm: formation of the primitive intestine and its differentiation. Cloaca and its derivations. Outline and development of the respiratory system. Pharyngeal system and its derivatives: arches, grooves, and gill pouches. Development of the face. Formation of the bones of the skull, trunk, and limbs. Formation of striated and smooth muscles. Formation of the four-chambered heart and blood vessels. Serous cavities. Embryonic origin of the major glands (pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, thyroid). Development of embryonic appendages. Nutrition of the embryo: fetal membranes, umbilical cord, and placenta. Notes on developmental defects and malformations of all organ systems.

Istologia di Valerio Monesi, autori (Adamo et al.) Edizione 8°, Editore. Piccin-Nuova Libraria Embriologia umana (D Felici et al.) Edizione 3°, Editore Piccin-Nuova Libraria