Medicine and Surgery

Introduction: - Logic and Diagnostic: direct and indirect diagnostics - Markers of function and injury - Laboratory tests: definition, procedure of analysis request - Pre-analytical variability and measurement units:errors and quality control - Withdrawal techniques - The appropriateness of the request (DRG) Alterations of the DNA molecule - Molecular biology techniques useful in the diagnosis of genetic alterations - DNA polymorphisms: RFLP, minisatellites and micro satellites - Applications in molecular pathology - Molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases: direct and indirect - Molecular mechanisms of disease: - Duchenne and Becker myopathy - Familial hypercholesterolemia - Fragile X syndrome - Cystic fibrosis - Haemophilia A Alterations of the RNA molecule in transcription, splicing and translation - Methods for studying gene expression and their applications: - PCR-real time and microarray Alterations of proteins - Molecular aspects in pathologies associated with protein accumulation: - Systemic and localized amyloidosis - Neurodegenerative diseases caused by protein aggregates: Alzheimer's disease - Clinical significance and dosage of steroid hormone receptors - Proteomics Molecular pathology of sugars - diabetes Molecular pathology of lipids - Lipid peroxidation - Lipoproteins and atherosclerosis Molecular oncology - Morphological characteristics of the tumor cell - Benign and malignant tumors - Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes - Cell death by apoptosis - Tumor markers: monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis Radiobiology: definition - Isotopes and radioactive decays; methods of production of artificial isotopes and X-rays to be used in clinical practice for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes - Radiation: definition and classification (electromagnetic radiation and corpuscle radiation), - Unit of measure - Physical interactions of radiation with matter (photoelectric effect, Compton and pair formation) - Chemical modifications resulting from the absorption of radiation - Biomolecular damage from radiation - Radiation tissue damage (acute and late) - Radiation damage to the developing organism - Genetic effects of ionizing radiation - Radiation and cancer - Human exposure to radiation and radiation protection standards - Dose limits for the population and for workers exposed for occupational reasons Basic profile of clinical analyzes: - Complete blood count - HCT - Protidogram - Enzymes - Coagulation - Blood diseases and interpretation of the hemogram - HCT anemias - Blood groups - The liver disease laboratory - The laboratory of nephropathies: - The urine - The laboratory of viral infections - HPV - PAP test

The student must have basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology, and in-depth knowledge of molecular biology techniques in compliance with the consequential logic dictated by the understanding and acquisition of the skills necessary to take the exam.

1. Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine Ed. Marcello Ciaccio and Giuseppe Lippi EdiSES 2. Laboratory Medicine - Logic and Clinical Pathology Ed Antonozzi – Gulletta Piccin

Mandatory

The Laboratory Methods module consists of face-to-face lessons with students, interspersed with one or more specific seminars. The lessons are all interactive, so the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, by virtue of the courses already taken, can answer. This allows the teacher to highlight the links between the module and the others within the teaching of laboratory medicine. References to notions of previous courses must accustom the student to not studying the proposed subject as something closed, aimed at passing the final exam, to be filed immediately after, but wants to highlight a multidisciplinary study, to which the student must be educated. At the end of the lesson or course, the student will be given the slides and teaching material, as well as the exam program and recommended texts, useful for preparing the exam. It is understood that the slides are a guide to the exam topics, but they can never replace the recommended texts and lectures held by the teacher. Attendance to the course is optional but strongly recommended.