THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING

Course objectives

The methodologies to detect Functional findings (physical semeiologic). The utilization Method of semiotic artifacts for the purposes of diagnosis and prognosis. The Evaluation and the Use of epidemiological data for the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in the individual and in the Community. The methodologies to detect Functional findings (physical semeiologic). The utilization Method of semiotic artifacts for the purposes of diagnosis and prognosis. The Evaluation and the Use of epidemiological data for the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in the individual and in the Community. The student must acquire the ability to establish a differential diagnosis and to build a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm necessary for the resolution of the clinical case. The final goal of the course is to enable the student to acquire behavioral protocols that introduce him to the practice of medicine and move along with him in his future career. The student must also learn the grammatical-lexical synthax of scientific medical textbooks; be able to recognize and apply this knowledge to the critical reading of various types of medical publications, also those focused on historical and bioethical topics, with particular attention on Evidence Based Medicine; apply the most effective methods of self-study to develop and consolidate the medical grammatical-lexical synthax and to monitor his own progress; apply reading techniques that lead to decode rapidly and efficiently information; learn literature search methods to formulate relevant questions to studies and seek answers through the use of Medline and Internet; be aware of the essential role of literature in medical cultural and professional updating; be aware of the importance of developing "reading habits" for a permanent training.

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PATRIZIO PASQUALETTI Lecturers' profile

Program - Frequency - Exams

Course program
1)The design of experiments and observational studies -Comparison of treatments -Random allocation -Stratification -Intention-to-treat -Cross-over designs -Experimental units and randomized group designs -Sampling in clinical and epidemiological studies -Cross-sectional studies -Cohort studies -Case-control studies 2) Estimation and significance testing -Sample distributions -Standard error of the sample mean -Confidence intervals -Standard error and confidence intervals for the proportion -Estimation of the difference between two means and between two proportions -Testing a Hypothesis -The Sign Test -Principles of significance testing -Significance levels and error types -Unilateral and bilateral significance tests -Significant, Real and Important -Tests for comparing means and proportions -Tests of significance and confidence intervals -Analysis of variance and comparison of means after analysis of variance 3) Regression and correlation -Scatter plot -Regression -Method of least squares -Standard error of the regression coefficient -Use of the regression line for prediction -Analysis of Residuals -Violation of assumptions in regression -Correlation -Significance test and confidence interval for r -Use of correlation coefficient   4)Rank-based methods (non-parametric), analysis of contingency tables and dichotomous variables -The Mann-Whitney U-test -Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, r -Parametric or non-parametric methods? -The chi-square association test -Fisher's exact test -Odds and Odds Ratio -Logistic regression 5)Clinical measurements -Repeatability and measurement error -Accordance between measurements using Cohen's kappa index -Comparison between two measurement methods -Sensitivity and specificity -Reference interval
Prerequisites
Students must have understood the fundamental elements of descriptive and inferential statistics (illustrated respectively in the Medical Statistics module within the integrated course BASIC SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL METHODOLOGY of the Degree in Medicine and Surgery "D" and in the Medical Statistics module within the course integrated PRE-CLINICAL MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY of the Degree in Medicine and Surgery "D")
Books
Douglas Altman: Practical Statistics for Medical Research, Chapman & Hall
Teaching mode
Lectures and guided exercises on real data
Frequency
Students must attend Medical Statistics lessons for at least 67% of the total hours.
Exam mode
Written test with a combination of multiple-choice questions and questions requiring to perform statistical calculations
Bibliography
-Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. -von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. -Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, LijmerJG Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet HCW, Kressel HY, Rifai N, Golub RM, Altman DG, Hooft L, Korevaar DA, Cohen JF, For the STARD Group. STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. -Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KG. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): The TRIPOD statement.
Lesson mode
Lectures and guided exercises on real data
  • Academic year2025/2026
  • CourseMedicine and Surgery
  • CurriculumSingle curriculum
  • Year3rd year
  • Semester2nd semester
  • SSDMED/01
  • CFU2