Medicine and Surgery

Oncology: chemical and hormonal carcinogenesis. Stages of the neoplastic process: initiation, promotion, and progression. Role of the growth factors in cancer and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Dyslipidemias. Pathophysiology of hemostasis. General pathophysiology of the renal system.

Basic Knowledge of Human physiology

Pontieri-Russo-Frati, Patologia Generale, Ed Piccin Robbins and Cotran, Pathologic basis of disease, Elsevier Saunders Rubin's Pathology, Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, Rubin and Stryer, Lippincott Raven

frontal lectures

Oncology: general characteristics. Precancerous lesions: cell/tissue phenotypic changes: hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia. Morphological, ultrastructural and biochemical features of the neoplastic cell. Biological and histogenetic classification of tumors. Tumor progression, invasion, neoangiogenesis and metastasis. Clinical criteria for the classification of tumors: grading and staging. Pathophysiology of thyroid gland, parathyroid glands and calcium metabolism, adrenal grands.

The student needs the informations of General Pathology and Pathophysiology I and Physiology.

Pontieri-Russo-Frati, Patologia Generale, Ed Piccin Robbins and Cotran, Pathologic basis of disease, Elsevier Saunders Rubin's Pathology, Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, Rubin and Stryer, Lippincott Raven

Ex cathedra lessons and telematic lessons with Google Zoom. Power Point lessons in Moodle

67% of the presence to formal lessons and APP is requested for the exam.

The exam is positive with marks from 18/30. Two different combinations for oral exam with open answers are proposed in presence in the classroom: a) to take a first oral exam which exonerates from the program of the first semester, followed by a second oral exam on the program of the second semester b) to take a single oral exam on the entire program of the first and second semesters

Ex cathedra lessons. Power Point lessons in Moodle. Ex cathedra lessons for small group students for professional activity. Laboratory internship for ADE.

Etiology: Main concepts of health, pathologic process and disease; etiology, pathogenesis, evolution, resolution (exitus). General environmental pathology. Pathology by physical and chemical agents. Biological agents of disease: bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins. Pathology of cell structures: the cell's response to injury: cellular stress, cellular adaptations (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia), intracellular storage diseases The basics of inflammation, acute and chronic inflammation. Innate immunity and inflammation. Inflammation as a transcriptional program. Inflammatory cells. Chemical mediators of inflammation of cellular and plasma origins. Acute inflammation: the vascular phenomena of inflammation, the mechanisms of formation of exudate, the various types of exudative inflammation. Chronic inflammation: mechanisms of granuloma formation. Oncology: Cell/Tissue phenotypic changes: metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia and precancerous lesions. Definition of cancer. Morphological and biochemical features of the neoplastic cell. Histogenetic classification of tumors. Clinical criteria for the classification of tumors: grading and staging. Stages of the neoplastic process: initiation, promotion and progression (invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis). Oncogenes and their activation mechanisms. Tumor suppressor genes. Genomic instability. Heredityary tumors.

The student must know structures and functions of the different cell types and kinds of tissues of the human body, and must know the biochemistry of the main biological macromolecules.

General Pathology - Cotran Kumar Collins

teaching activity will include lectures in classroom when this is possible, based on anti-covid 19 provisions. Alternatively, teaching activity will Frontal lessons with audio-visual and multimedia supports

Students must achieve the minimum number of hours provided

The student acquired knowledge will be evaluated through an ongoing exam in Google meet, zoom or in presence, depending on the Covid 19 status

teaching activity will include lectures in classroom when this is possible, based on anti-covid 19 provisions. Alternatively, teaching activity will Frontal lessons with audio-visual and multimedia supports

1. Oncogenic Viruses: Oncogenic HPV viruses and their mechanisms of action. HPV and neoplasms. Anti-HPV vaccines. 2. Molecular Diagnostics of Tumors: This lesson provides an overview of the importance of molecular diagnostics in oncology. It explores tumor biomarkers, such as EGFR and BRCA1/2, and fundamental technologies like DNA sequencing. It highlights the importance of molecular diagnostics in early diagnosis, treatment personalization, and monitoring of cancerous conditions, along with technological limitations, ethical concerns, and future innovations in the field. 3.Pathophysiology of the Liver and Biliary Tract: Hepatic insufficiency, portal hypertension. Viral hepatitis, hepatic damage, and cirrhosis. 4. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Connections: Connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary, including links to other brain structures and the endocrine system. The role of the hypothalamus in controlling hormonal secretion through the pituitary and in regulating fundamental physiological functions. Structure and function of the pituitary. Regulation of the pituitary by the hypothalamus, including stimulating and inhibiting hormones (e.g., GnRH, TRH, CRH, somatostatin). Negative feedback: Effects of peripheral hormone levels on the release of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones. Disorders of the hypothalamus (e.g., hypothalamic tumors). Pituitary disorders: Adenohypophyseal diseases (e.g., acromegaly, hypopituitarism, Cushing's disease) and neurohypophyseal diseases (e.g., diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion).

A background knowledge of Biology and Genetics, Biochemistry, Human Histology and Embryology, Microbiology and Virology, Human Anatomy and Physiology is required.

Pontieri-Russo-Frati, Patologia Generale, Ed Piccin Robbins and Cotran, Pathologic basis of disease, Elsevier Saunders Rubin's Pathology, Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, Rubin and Stryer, Lippincott Raven

The student acquired knowledge will be evaluated through a final oral exam. The students who did not pass the ongoing exam concerning the course of Patologia e Fisiopatologia Generale I, will be required to pass an exam concerning both of the programs

Frontal lessons, Monodisciplinar seminars, Interactive lessons with small groups of students, training periods in laboratory