Dentistry and Dental Prosthodontics

Introduction to metabolism: catabolism and anabolism. Principles of bioenergetics. Energy and its conservation: the first and second laws of thermodynamics. ATP and its role in metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism: Absorption and digestion. Lactose intolerance. Glucose entry into the cell: the SGLT and GLUT transporters and their different roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Glycolysis (all steps): preparatory phase (I) and recovery phase (II). Alternative fates of pyruvate. Other carbohydrates that fuel glycolysis (fructose, mannose, galactose, and glycogen). Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate as an allosteric modulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Lactic acid fermentation. Cori cycle. Glycolysis and cancer: the Warburg effect. Gluconeogenesis (all steps) and the substrates that fuel it. Glucose-alanine cycle. Glucose 6-phosphate phosphatase. The pentose phosphate pathway and its regulation. Oxidative and nonoxidative phases (all steps). Metabolic pathways requiring NADPH. Cytochrome P450s: mitochondrial and microsomal. Role of the G6PDH enzyme (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) in erythrocytes and in the response to ROS. Reduced glutathione and peroxidase. G6PDH deficiency and associated diseases. Glycogen synthesis and degradation. Glycogenin. Glycogenolysis: the role of glycogen phosphorylase. Branching and debranching enzymes. Glycogen storage diseases. Oxidation of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. Citric acid cycle (all steps). Pyruvate dehydrogenase: coenzymes and the role of enzymes E1, E2, and E3. Arsenic poisoning. Cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitase and iron homeostasis. The malate-aspartate and glycerophosphate shuttle systems. Anaplerotic reactions that reconstitute Krebs cycle intermediates. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation: energy transduction, Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory. The mitochondrial respiratory chain, complexes I-IV (major prosthetic groups). Coenzyme Q. Structure of complex III and the Q cycle. Uncoupling agents (ionophores and protonophores). Mitochondrial DNA. Inhibitors of cellular respiration. Structure and mechanism of action of ATP synthase (complex V). Thermogenesis. Lipid metabolism. Catabolism of triglycerides and degradation of fatty acids. Amino acid metabolism (transaminations, decarboxylations, and side-chain cleavages). Urea cycle. Overview of nitrogenous base metabolism. Principles of hormonal regulation of the main metabolic pathways.

DL Nelson & MM Cox - Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (8th edition) D. Voet, JG Voet, CW Pratt - Fundamentals of Biochemsitry- Life at the Molecular Level (5th edition)