Nursing

• Anatomy and physiology of cardiovascular system • Arterial hypertension: pathophysiology and therapy • Clinical presentation and diagnostic classification of chest pain • Ischemic heart disease: definition, classification, pathophysiology and therapy • Clinical presentation and diagnostic of dyspnoea • Heart failure: definition, classification, pathophysiology and therapy • Principles and interpretation of conventional electrocardiography • Main alterations of the heart rhythm: bradycardias and tachycardias

The course Nursing of Therapeutic and Care Processes in the Medical Area – Cardiovascular Diseases - provides students with theoretical and practical knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, diagnosis and tretamtn of main cardiovascular diseases. Through lectures and the discussion of clinical cases, students will explore the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies of major cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. The course also aims to develop specific nursing skills for the care of patients with cardiovascular conditions, with a focus on the interpretation of electrocardiograms and the clinical management of cardiac rhythm disorders. Learning Outcomes: The course aims to provide students with the knowledge and skills required to identify, assess, and appropriately care for patients with cardiovascular diseases, promoting an integrated and critical approach to diagnostic, therapeutic, and nursing processes. Prerequisites: A basic knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, particularly of the cardiovascular system, is required for a full understanding of the course content. Fundamental notions of general pathology and basic pharmacology are also recommended to support the comprehension of the pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of the main cardiovascular diseases.

Volpe M. Manuale di Cardiologia. Edizioni SEU.

All lectures will be presented on site with access restricted for students of Sapienza University of Rome. Four online meetings (4 hours for each meeting) will be planned for an overall duration of the course of 16 hours of frontal teaching. All materials used during the lectures will be made available for students by a shared folder through the Google Drive platform with access reserved for users of Sapienza University of Rome. In this folder all presentations, some presentations with audio commentary by the teacher and additional materials (including original scientific articles, systematic reviews, clinical cases, etc.) will be made available for the implementation of the knowledge about the topics addressed during frontal teaching.

All lectures will be presented on site with access restricted for students of Sapienza University of Rome. Four online meetings (4 hours for each meeting) will be planned for an overall duration of the course of 16 hours of frontal teaching. All materials used during the lectures will be made available for students by a shared folder through the Google Drive platform with access reserved for users of Sapienza University of Rome. In this folder all presentations, some presentations with audio commentary by the teacher and additional materials (including original scientific articles, systematic reviews, clinical cases, etc.) will be made available for the implementation of the knowledge about the topics addressed during frontal teaching.

Oral exam with interactive discussion and critical analysis of exemplary clinical cases. The student’s evaluation will be expressed with a grade on a scale of 30 points.

Guidelines and clinical recommendations: 1. Mancia Chairperson G, Kreutz Co-Chair R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension Endorsed by the European Renal Association (ERA) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH). J Hypertens. 2023 2. McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, Ceconi C, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(38):3912-4018 3. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):e13–115. 4. Volpe M, Rosei EA, Ambrosioni E, Cottone S, Cuspidi C, Borghi C, et al. 2012 consensus document of the Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA): strategies to improve blood pressure control in Italy: from global cardiovascular risk stratification to combination therapy. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2013;20(1):45–52. 5. François Mach, Colin Baigent, Alberico L Catapano, Konstantinos C Koskinas, Manuela Casula, Lina Badimon, M John Chapman, Guy G De Backer, Victoria Delgado, Brian A Ference, Ian M Graham, Alison Halliday, Ulf Landmesser, Borislava Mihaylova, Terje R Pedersen, Gabriele Riccardi, Dimitrios J Richter, Marc S Sabatine, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Lale Tokgozoglu, Olov Wiklund, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-188. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455. 6. Authors/Task Force Members; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2019 Nov;290:140-205. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014.Epub 2019 Aug 31. 7. Alberico L Catapano, Ian Graham, Guy De Backer, Olov Wiklund, M John Chapman, Heinz Drexel, Arno W Hoes, Catriona S Jennings, Ulf Landmesser, Terje R Pedersen, Željko Reiner, Gabriele Riccardi, Marja-Riita Taskinen, Lale Tokgozoglu, W M Monique Verschuren, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, David A Wood, Jose Luis Zamorano. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Developed with the special contribution of the European Assocciation for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis. 2016 Oct;253:281-344.doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.018. Epub 2016 Sep 1. Personal bibliography: 1. Cesario V, Presta V, Figliuzzi I, Citoni B, Battistoni A, Miceli F, Volpe M, Tocci G. Epidemiological Impact and Clinical Consequences of Masked Hypertension: A Narrative Review. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2020 Jun;27(3):195-201. doi: 10.1007/s40292-020-00382-1. Epub 2020 May 2. PMID: 32361899. 2. Tocci G, Citoni B, Presta V, Leoncini G, Viazzi F, Bonino B, Volpe M, Pontremoli R. Effects of dual inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: balancing the risks and the benefits. Intern Emerg Med. 2020 Apr;15(3):373-379. doi: 10.1007/s11739-019-02257-3. Epub 2019 Dec 21. PMID: 31865522. 3. Miceli F, Presta V, Citoni B, Canichella F, Figliuzzi I, Ferrucci A, Volpe M, Tocci G. Conventional and new electrocardiographic criteria for hypertension-mediated cardiac organ damage: A narrative review. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019 Dec;21(12):1863-1871. doi: 10.1111/jch.13726. Epub 2019 Nov 6. PMID: 31693279. 4. Volpe M, Gallo G, Tocci G. Novel blood pressure targets in patients with high-normal levels and grade 1 hypertension: Room for monotherapy? Int J Cardiol. 2019 Sep 15;291:105-111. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.074. Epub 2019 Apr 24. PMID: 31060756. 5. Volpe M, Gallo G, Tocci G. New approach to blood pressure control: Triple combination pill. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020 Feb;30(2):72-77. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.03.002. Epub 2019 Mar 14. PMID: 30926237. 6. Volpe M, Gallo G, Battistoni A, Tocci G. Highlights of ESC/ESH 2018 Guidelines on the Management of Hypertension: What Every Doctor Should Know. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2019 Feb;26(1):1-8. doi: 10.1007/s40292-018-00297-y. Epub 2019 Jan 2. PMID: 30604199. 7. Volpe M, Battistoni A, Gallo G, Rubattu S, Tocci G; Writing Committee; Scientific Societies. Executive Summary of the 2018 Joint Consensus Document on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Italy. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2018 Sep;25(3):327-341. doi: 10.1007/s40292-018-0278-8. Epub 2018 Sep 20. PMID: 30232768. 8. Tocci G, Figliuzzi I, Presta V, Miceli F, Citoni B, Coluccia R, Musumeci MB, Ferrucci A, Volpe M. Therapeutic Approach to Hypertension Urgencies and Emergencies During Acute Coronary Syndrome. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2018 Sep;25(3):253-259. doi: 10.1007/s40292-018-0275-y. Epub 2018 Jul 31. PMID: 30066227. 9. Fogacci F, Tocci G, Presta V, Fratter A, Borghi C, Cicero AFG. Effect of resveratrol on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled, clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(10):1605-1618. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1422480. Epub 2018 Jan 23. PMID: 29359958. 10. Volpe M, Gallo G, Tocci G. Is early and fast blood pressure control important in hypertension management? Int J Cardiol. 2018 Mar 1;254:328-332. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.026. Epub 2017 Dec 13. PMID: 29273242. 11. Tocci G, Desideri G, Roca E, Calcullo C, Crippa M, De Luca N, Gaudio GV, Lonati LM, Orselli L, Scuteri A, Vulpis V, Acone B, Zaninelli A; THYPERevolution Steering Committee. How to Improve Effectiveness and Adherence to Antihypertensive Drug Therapy: Central Role of Dihydropyridinic Calcium Channel Blockers in Hypertension. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2018 Mar;25(1):25-34. doi: 10.1007/s40292-017-0242-z. Epub 2017 Dec 2. PMID: 29197935; PMCID: PMC5842506. 12. Volpe M, Tocci G, de la Sierra A, Kreutz R, Laurent S, Manolis AJ, Tsioufis K. Personalised Single-Pill Combination Therapy in Hypertensive Patients: An Update of a Practical Treatment Platform. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2017 Dec;24(4):463-472. doi: 10.1007/s40292-017-0239-7. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29086364; PMCID: PMC5681620. 13. Volpe M, Santolamazza C, Mastromarino V, Coluccia R, Battistoni A, Tocci G. Monotherapy and Dual Combination Therapies Based on Olmesartan: A Comprehensive Strategy to Improve Blood Pressure Control. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2017 Sep;24(3):243-253. doi: 10.1007/s40292-017-0216-1. Epub 2017 Jun 12. PMID: 28608026. 14. Volpe M, Santolamazza C, Mastromarino V, Coluccia R, Battistoni A, Tocci G.Triple Combination Therapies Based on Olmesartan: A Personalized Therapeutic Approach to Improve Blood Pressure Control. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2017 Sep;24(3):255-263. doi: 10.1007/s40292-017-0217-0. Epub 2017 Jun 12. PMID: 28608025. 15. Volpe M, Volpe R, Gallo G, Presta V, Tocci G, Folco E, Peracino A, Tremoli E, Trimarco B; Italian Society of Cardiovascular Prevention (SIPREC) Writing Committee. 2017 Position Paper of the Italian Society for Cardiovascular Prevention (SIPREC) for an Updated Clinical Management of Hypercholesterolemia and Cardiovascular Risk: Executive Document. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2017 Sep;24(3):313-329. doi: 10.1007/s40292-017-0211-6. Epub 2017 May 18. PMID: 28523635. 16. Volpe M, Santolamazza C, Tocci G. Hypertension in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2016 Dec;18(12):127. doi: 10.1007/s11886-016-0807-9. PMID: 27796865. 17. Volpe M, Battistoni A, Savoia C, Tocci G. Understanding and treating hypertension in diabetic populations. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2015 Oct;5(5):353-63. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.06.02. PMID: 26543822; PMCID: PMC4609903. 18. Borghi C; SIIA Task Force, Rossi F; SIF Task Force. Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Its Pharmacological Inhibitors in Cardiovascular Diseases: Complex and Critical Issues. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2015 Dec;22(4):429-44. doi: 10.1007/s40292-015-0120-5. Epub 2015 Sep 24. Erratum in: High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2016 Mar;23(1):65. PMID: 26403596. 19. Battistoni A, Canichella F, Pignatelli G, Ferrucci A, Tocci G, Volpe M. Hypertension in Young People: Epidemiology, Diagnostic Assessment and Therapeutic Approach. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2015 Dec;22(4):381-8. doi: 10.1007/s40292-015-0114-3. Epub 2015 Jul 8. PMID: 26153401. 20. Volpe M, Tocci G, Battistoni A, Rubattu S. Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Neprilysin Inhibitor (ARNI): New Avenues in Cardiovascular Therapy. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2015 Sep;22(3):241-6. doi: 10.1007/s40292-015-0112-5. Epub 2015 Jun 23. PMID: 26100410. 21. Tocci G, Battistoni A, Passerini J, Musumeci MB, Francia P, Ferrucci A, Volpe M. Calcium channel blockers and hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Mar;20(2):121-30. doi: 10.1177/1074248414555403. Epub 2014 Nov 14. PMID: 25398848. 22. Francia P, Adduci C, Santini D, Musumeci B, Tocci G. New oral anticoagulants in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2013 Jun;20(2):53-60. doi: 10.1007/s40292-013-0011-6. Epub 2013 May 8. PMID: 23653173. 23. Tocci G, Paneni F, Passerini J, Volpe M. Triple combination therapy to improve blood pressure control: experience with olmesartan-amlodipine-hydrochlorothiazide therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012 Dec;13(18):2687-97. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2012.745510. Epub 2012 Nov 21. PMID: 23170911. 24. Chin D, Battistoni A, Tocci G, Passerini J, Parati G, Volpe M. Non-invasive diagnostic testing for coronary artery disease in the hypertensive patient: potential advantages of a risk estimation-based algorithm. Am J Hypertens. 2012 Dec;25(12):1226-35. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2012.90. Epub 2012 Jul 12. PMID: 22785407. 25. Volpe M, Battistoni A, Tocci G, Rosei EA, Catapano AL, Coppo R, del Prato S, Gentile S, Mannarino E, Novo S, Prisco D, Mancia G. Cardiovascular risk assessment beyond Systemic Coronary Risk Estimation: a role for organ damage markers. J Hypertens. 2012 Jun;30(6):1056-64. doi: 0.1097/HJH.0b013e3283525715. PMID: 22573072. 26. Tocci G, Volpe M. Modern clinical management of arterial hypertension: fixed or free combination therapies? High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2011 Sep 6;18 Suppl 1:3-11. doi: 10.2165/1159615-s0-000000000-00000. PMID: 21895049. 27. Tocci G, Volpe M. Fixed-combination therapy to improve blood pressure control: experience with olmesartan-based therapy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2011 Jul;9(7):829-40. doi: 10.1586/erc.11.59. PMID: 21809963. 28. Tocci G, Ferrucci A, Guida P, Avogaro A, Comaschi M, Corsini A, Cortese C, Giorda CB, Manzato E, Medea G, Mureddu GF, Riccardi G, Titta G, Ventriglia G, Zito GB, Volpe M; EFFECTUS Steering Committee. An analysis of the management of cardiovascular risk factors in routine clinical practice in Italy: an overview of the main findings of the EFFECTUS study. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2011 Mar 1;18(1):19-30. doi: 10.2165/11588040-000000000-00000. PMID: 21612309. 29. Sciarretta S, Palano F, Tocci G, Baldini R, Volpe M. Antihypertensive treatment and development of heart failure in hypertension: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of studies in patients with hypertension and high cardiovascular risk. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Mar 14;171(5):384-94. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.427. Epub 2010 Nov 8. PMID: 21059964. 30. Volpe M, Tocci G. Challenging hypertension: how to diagnose and treat resistant hypertension in daily clinical practice. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Jun;8(6):811-20. doi: 10.1586/erc.10.47. PMID: 20528639. 31. Volpe M, Tocci G. 2007 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of hypertension, from theory to practice: global cardiovascular risk concept. J Hypertens Suppl. 2009 Jun;27(3):S3-11. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000356766.86388.e5. PMID: 19506449.

All lectures will be presented on site with access restricted for students of Sapienza University of Rome. Four online meetings (4 hours for each meeting) will be planned for an overall duration of the course of 16 hours of frontal teaching. All materials used during the lectures will be made available for students by a shared folder through the Google Drive platform with access reserved for users of Sapienza University of Rome. In this folder all presentations, some presentations with audio commentary by the teacher and additional materials (including original scientific articles, systematic reviews, clinical cases, etc.) will be made available for the implementation of the knowledge about the topics addressed during frontal teaching.