Architecture

Program The Course aims at providing the students with all instruments necessary to reading, representing, analyzing an architectural element in all its different aspects (metric, structural, formal, etc.) according to an as much as possible scientific approach. Each student will test different survey and digital representation techniques on an historical building. All activities will address the problem of designing and implementing a “scientific” survey. In this framework lectures and workshops will focus on the survey design, the difference between direct and instrumental survey and finally on the problems connected with the planimetric and altimetrical survey (polygonals, trilateration, triangulation, forward intersection). These theoretical information will be turned into practice by a concrete application consisting in the survey (direct and instrumental) of an historical building and the production of standard deliverables (plan views, elevations, sections). Getting into details these are the main subjects discussed during the course: History of architectural survey Survey throughout history: theory, methodologies and instruments. The historical analysis will start from the classical ages, cross the Middle Ages and the Renaissance up to the great surveyors of the XIX century. Hints about History of Cartography, ancient Metrology and the mutual relationships between ancient units of measure will be given. Survey methodology Theory of measure, the concept of uncertainty, rules to be observed while taking any measurement. Direct survey: general problems, instruments and techniques, traditional methodologies. Instrumental and photogrammetric survey: general problems, instruments and techniques, traditional methodologies. The new survey technologies: 3D scanning, Image Based Modelling (IBM). Urban survey: general problems and methodologies. The Survey oriented to restoration and retrofitting of buildings. Graphic representation technique of surveyed data. Graphic and representation standards, conventional symbologies Representation scales and information content Thematic cartography for architectural survey: dating, crack mapping, materials, state of conservation of surfaces. Cataloguing standards according to I.C.C.D. standards. The exam is individual; students can though form groups (max 3 components) in order to facilitate survey and representation activities. The deliverables to be produced are the following: Sketchbook – In this collated album, A4 format, each student collects ex-tempora, notes concerning lectures and workshops. Drawings – Free format hardcopies (preferable UNI) of CAD drawings illustrating: The architectural contest of the studied building both in physical and historical terms; The geometric survey (scale 1:50 or 1:100) The architectural survey, mandatorily at the scale 1:50 (plan views, elevations, sections) Detail drawings (1:20, 1:10) Coloring of an elevation or an architectural detail (one for each student) 3D Model of the studied object. The exam consists in the discussion of the drawings together with an interview concerning the topics illustrated during the course.

In order to take the exam it is obviously necessary that the student has already successfully passed the Science of Representation 2 exam.

Mario Docci e Diego Maestri, Storia del rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Bari 1993 Mario Docci e Diego Maestri, Manuale di rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Bari 2009 (Nuova Edizione) Mario Docci, Strumenti didattici per il rilievo, corso di strumenti e metodi per il rilevamento dell’architettura, Gangemi Roma 2000 Mario Docci, Diego Maestri, Marco Gaiani, Scienza del Disegno, Città Studi 2017 Carlo Bianchini, Carlo Inglese, Alfonso Ippolito, 2016. I Teatri del Mediterraneo come esperienza di rilevamento integrato / The Theaters of the Mediterranean as integrated survey experience. Roma: Sapienza University press. ISBN: 978-88-98533-93-0 Carlo Bianchini, La Documentazione dei teatri antichi del Mediterraneo, Gangemi Roma 2012 Altri testi di consultazione: Emanuela Chiavoni, Il disegno di Oratori romani, Gangemi Roma 2008 Carlo Bianchini, La Scienza della Rappresentazione nella concezione di Guarino Guarini, Gangemi Roma 2008 Luca Ribichini, Il volto e l’architetto, Gangemi Roma 2008 Mario Docci, Manuale di disegno architettonico, Bari 1985 Mario Fondelli, Manuale di Topografia, 3voll.,Bari 1991 Riccardo Migliari, Il disegno degli ordini e l’architettura classica: cinque pezzi facili”, in “Disegnare, Idee, Immagini”, II2, Roma 1991 Cesare Cundari, Fotogrammetria architettonica, Roma 1983 Michela Cigola, Proposta di simbologia grafica per il Rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Roma 1988 Marco Carpiceci, “La fotografia per l’architettura e l’ambiente”, Fratelli Palombi Editori, 1997 Marco Carpiceci,”Il rilevamento dello spazio architettonico”, Kappa edizioni, Roma 2000 E. Chiavoni, Marina Docci, “Mole da olio e mole da grano tra paesaggio agrario e archeologia industriale. Il sistema dei frantoi e dei mulini ad acqua nell’Alto Lazio: conoscenza e valorizzazione”, Aracne, editrice Roma 2014

Course aim is to provide the student with all those instruments to read, represent, analyze an architectural element in its various aspects (metric, structural, formal, etc.) using an approach as much as possible scientifically controlled. After gaining in the first triennium the basics and skills needed to build and manipulate various patterns (geometric, graphics and computer) of an architectural object, the student is asked to experiment with the problems associated with the survey and the representation of a building of 'historic architecture. On it everyone will have to experiment with different graphic and computer techniques acquired, as well as apply, in a controlled way, the various methods of survey.

Frequency is required for verification of produced drawings

In order to take the exam it is obviously necessary that the student has already successfully passed the Science of Representation 2 exam. The exam is individual; however, students can form groups (max 3 members) to facilitate the activities of survey and representation. That said, the exam will focus on the evaluation of the works produced; the exam will also include an individual oral part that will cover both the topics of the lessons and the knowledge of the suggested texts. The deliverables to be produced are the following: Sketchbook – In this collated album, A4 format, each student collects ex-tempora, notes concerning lectures and workshops. Drawings – Free format hardcopies (preferable UNI) of CAD drawings illustrating: The architectural contest of the studied building both in physical and historical terms; The geometric survey (scale 1:50 or 1:100) The architectural survey, mandatorily at the scale 1:50 (plan views, elevations, sections) Detail drawings (1:20, 1:10) Coloring of an elevation or an architectural detail (one for each student), 3D Model of the studied object.

Course aim is to provide the student with all those instruments to read, represent, analyze an architectural element in its various aspects (metric, structural, formal, etc.) using an approach as much as possible scientifically controlled. After gaining in the first triennium the basics and skills needed to build and manipulate various patterns (geometric, graphics and computer) of an architectural object, the student is asked to experiment with the problems associated with the survey and the representation of a building of 'historic architecture. On it everyone will have to experiment with different graphic and computer techniques acquired, as well as apply, in a controlled way, the various methods of survey.

The purpose of the course is to equip the student with all those tools that allow him to read, represent, analyze an architectural element in its various aspects (metric, structural, formal, etc.) according to an approach scientifically controlled as much as possible. After having acquired during the first two years the fundamentals and skills necessary to build and manipulate various models (geometric, graphic and computer) of an architectural object, the student is called to grapple with the problems associated with the survey and representation of a historical architecture building. On it, everyone will have to experiment with the various graphic and computer techniques acquired, as well as apply, in a controlled form, the various detection procedures. Geometry of Representation - In this disciplinary area, the course intends to provide the student with the tools for in-depth study of the specific issues relating to the survey of architecture. In particular, it will focus on 3D modeling and the analysis of surfaces that recur in architecture. Architectural Design - Here, too, some theoretical topics already addressed during the first two years of the course will be resumed and explored. This theoretical part will be accompanied by some application-type activities that will provide the necessary support in the progress of the survey work. Architectural Survey - The student's greater theoretical awareness and practical ability allows in this third year to tackle the typical problems of architectural and urban survey. In recent times, this discipline has gained a leading role both in the historical-architectural culture and in the training and professional practice of the architect under the pressure of many factors: the growing need for the protection of architectural heritage; the increasingly recognized formative validity of the discipline; the growing interest in the renewal and redevelopment of historic centers and the urban environment. It seems important to reiterate that the term Survey not only indicates the simple operation of measuring and graphical restitution of an artifact, but on the contrary that complex of operations that through the observation, analysis and representation of all the components of the architecture ( from the dimensional ones to the geometric ones, from the structural ones to the constructive ones) allow to grasp the intimate essence of the architectural or urban element being studied. From this point of view, the survey assumes the role of a scientific discipline of a cognitive / formative nature capable of penetrating within this complex reality, becoming the basic tool for all those "reading" and "graphic transcription" operations aimed at heritage architectural, whether they are oriented towards historical knowledge, documentation and also towards conservation and restoration operations. From a theoretical point of view, the knowledge already gained in this regard will therefore be integrated into the visual survey with what is necessary for the setting of a scientifically correct survey. The attention will be focused in particular on setting up a survey project, on the difference between direct and instrumental survey, on problems related to planimetric and altimetric survey (construction and control of polygonals, trilaterations and triangulations, forward intersection). As regards the application part, it will focus on the complete visual survey of a building and the setting of the relevant survey project. This framework therefore includes the creation of a certain number of graphic and computer drawings, which reflect the student's training path and testify to the achievement of the set objectives. As in the past year, however, these papers must be understood as the synthesis of various activities (ex cathedra lessons, computer lessons, classroom or outdoor exercises); the student must also continue to record all these experiences, in the form of notes and drawings, in his personal notebook which must be kept up to date and in order to be shown if the teachers request it. The topics that will be addressed in this part of the course must be included in this framework: • The history of architectural survey The role played by surveying in our past will be analyzed in order to investigate the variation of concepts, methodologies and tools. The historical analysis will start from classical antiquity to continue through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance up to the great detectors of the nineteenth century. Some significant examples of the history of Urban Surveying will be examined: Forma Urbis Romae, Plan of Imola by Leonardo da Vinci, Decsriptio Urbis by L.B. Alberti, the plans and views of Rome by Bufalini, Falda, Fuga Tempesta, and the plan of Rome edited by G.B. Nolli. Will also be treated: Elements of the History of Cartography, Ancient Metrology, relationship between ancient units of measurement. • Survey methodology The theory of measurement, the precisions and the rules to be observed when taking measurements. Direct survey: general problems, tools and techniques of use, traditional methodologies. Instrumental survey: tools and techniques of use and methodologies. Photogrammetric survey: elementary photogrammetry, Will also be treated: Elements of the History of Cartography, Ancient Metrology, relationship between ancient units of measurement. • Detection methodology The theory of measurement, the precisions and the rules to be observed when taking measurements. Direct survey: general problems, tools and techniques of use, traditional methodologies. Instrumental survey: tools and techniques of use and methodologies. Photogrammetric survey: elementary photogrammetry, Straightening from frame: RDF The new survey technologies: 3D scanning, Image Based Modeling (IBM), Structure from Motion (SfM). Urban survey: general problems and methodologies. • The techniques of graphic representation of the survey Graphic conventions, symbologies and representation standards The scales of representation and their contents The models of representation: Geometric and Architectural from frame: RDF The new survey technologies: 3D scanning, Image Based Modeling (IBM), Structure from Motion (SfM). Urban survey: general problems and methodologies. • The techniques of graphic representation of the survey Graphic conventions, symbologies and representation standards The scales of representation and their contents The models of representation: Geometric and Architectural

The exam can be taken while maintaining the prerequisites of the SDR1 and SDR2 courses

Mario Docci e Diego Maestri, Storia del rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Bari 1993 Mario Docci e Diego Maestri, Manuale di rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Bari 2009 (Nuova Edizione) Mario Docci, Strumenti didattici per il rilievo, corso di strumenti e metodi per il rilevamento dell’architettura, Gangemi Roma 2000 Mario Docci, Diego Maestri, Marco Gaiani, Scienza del Disegno, Città Studi 2017 Carlo Bianchini, Carlo Inglese, Alfonso Ippolito, 2016. I Teatri del Mediterraneo come esperienza di rilevamento integrato / The Theaters of the Mediterranean as integrated survey experience. Roma: Sapienza University press. ISBN: 978-88-98533-93-0 Carlo Bianchini, La Documentazione dei teatri antichi del Mediterraneo, Gangemi Roma 2012 Mario Fondelli, Manuale di Topografia, 3voll.,Bari 1991 Riccardo Migliari, Il disegno degli ordini e l’architettura classica: cinque pezzi facili”, in “Disegnare, Idee, Immagini”, II2, Roma 1991 Cesare Cundari, Fotogrammetria architettonica, Roma 1983 Marco Carpiceci, “La fotografia per l’architettura e l’ambiente”, Fratelli Palombi Editori, 1997 Marco Carpiceci,”Il rilevamento dello spazio architettonico”, Kappa edizioni, Roma 2000 Leonardo Paris, "Dal problema inverso della prospettiva al raddrizzamento fotografico"Aracne, 2014 Carlo Inglese, Leonardo Paris (a cura di), "Arte e tecnica dei ponti romani in pietra", Sapienza Università editrice, 2020. Bianchini Carlo, Inglese Carlo, Ippolito Alfonso, Agnese Murrali (2022). Il rilievo integrato complesso di Galleria Borghese in Roma. The complex integrated survey of the Galleria Borghese. Roma, Gangemi Editore. ISBN: 978-88-492-4179-2 Carlo Inglese, Roberto Barni, Marika Griffo (2022). Rappresentazioni dell’architettura archeologica: la basilica inferiore di San Crisogono. Representations of archaeological architecture: the lower basilica in St Chrysogonus in Rome. In Disegnare. Idee ed Immagini, n°64. Roma, Gangemi Editore, pp. 72-83. ISBN 978-88-492-4547-9

Documents requested from the student. The exam topic will be exposed during the first lessons of the course. The choice of the same theme is allowed for a max. three students, each of whom will have to demonstrate individual contribution to setting up and developing the work. Special themes and cases must be agreed with the professor. The documents requested will be of three types as usual: the notebook, the tables and the computer models. The Notebook - As is known, it consists of an album of the type with white sheets, bound, A4 - A3 format or similar, in which each student carries out the ex tempore (such as exercises in the classroom or outside), takes the notes of the lessons illustrating them in line and square or preferably freehand with the drawings made by the professor on the blackboard or on the computer and finally collects the exercises that will be assigned during the lessons. The notes relating to the exercises on the survey tools that will take place outside must also be reported in the notebook. The Tables - As mentioned above, the notebook is accompanied by some drawings in UNI format (established during the course) made preferably in CAD that must illustrate the survey work of the chosen architectural organism, demonstrating the level of graphic awareness achieved by the student and his ability to represent elements of various complexity. In this phase the students can, as mentioned, gather in groups (max. 3 components) both for carrying out the survey operations and for those of elaboration and representation. The first group of tables should illustrate the architectural context in which the building is located and its historical development; subsequently the geometric survey must be represented (on a scale to be defined according to the size of the chosen organism) and the architectural survey which instead must necessarily be graphed in plan, elevation and sections at scale from 1: 100 to 1:50. Finally, some detailed drawings (one for each member of the working group) will have to be produced at the scales 1:20, 1:10. Finally, it is necessary to carry out a color or characterization test on a prospect or on an architectural detail of the chosen organism (one document for each student). The last table will be dedicated to a critical reading of the topic studied, deepening the geometric, metric, proportional reading and performing synchronic and diachronic comparisons with other historical architectures. Computer Models - An integral part of the exam papers will be the computer models of the body chosen as the theme of the year. They will have to demonstrate the student's ability to understand, synthesize, construct and manipulate his spatial qualities. These models must be designed both for purely on-screen use and as a function of paper output.

in presence

The exam can be taken while maintaining the prerequisites, by participating in lessons, exercises (mandatory) and revisions of the tables (mandatory at least 4 revisions before the exam). In addition to the drawings, the exam includes a theoretical part in order to evaluate the knowledge acquired by the student on the methodologies and history of the survey. The work is done in groups as regards the initial tables, apart from the individual detailed ones, but each student will have to demonstrate their contribution. The theoretical part is individual.

Documents requested from the student. The exam topic will be exposed during the first lessons of the course. The choice of the same theme is allowed for a max. three students, each of whom will have to demonstrate individual contribution to setting up and developing the work. Special themes and cases must be agreed with the professor. The documents requested will be of three types as usual: the notebook, the tables and the computer models. The Notebook - As is known, it consists of an album of the type with white sheets, bound, A4 - A3 format or similar, in which each student carries out the ex tempore (such as exercises in the classroom or outside), takes the notes of the lessons illustrating them in line and square or preferably freehand with the drawings made by the professor on the blackboard or on the computer and finally collects the exercises that will be assigned during the lessons. The notes relating to the exercises on the survey tools that will take place outside must also be reported in the notebook. The Tables - As mentioned above, the notebook is accompanied by some drawings in UNI format (established during the course) made preferably in CAD that must illustrate the survey work of the chosen architectural organism, demonstrating the level of graphic awareness achieved by the student and his ability to represent elements of various complexity. In this phase the students can, as mentioned, gather in groups (max. 3 components) both for carrying out the survey operations and for those of elaboration and representation. The first group of tables should illustrate the architectural context in which the building is located and its historical development; subsequently the geometric survey must be represented (on a scale to be defined according to the size of the chosen organism) and the architectural survey which instead must necessarily be graphed in plan, elevation and sections at scale from 1: 100 to 1:50. Finally, some detailed drawings (one for each member of the working group) will have to be produced at the scales 1:20, 1:10. Finally, it is necessary to carry out a color or characterization test on a prospect or on an architectural detail of the chosen organism (one document for each student). The last table will be dedicated to a critical reading of the topic studied, deepening the geometric, metric, proportional reading and performing synchronic and diachronic comparisons with other historical architectures. Computer Models - An integral part of the exam papers will be the computer models of the body chosen as the theme of the year. They will have to demonstrate the student's ability to understand, synthesize, construct and manipulate his spatial qualities. These models must be designed both for purely on-screen use and as a function of paper output.

Issues and topics lessons The main issues of the lectures are organized in relation to different topics theoretical, methodological, technical and operational. They are listed below: - Introduction to the discipline of survey. The survey like intellectual practice of scientific and specific knowledge. The study of architectural or urban organism, its parts and its components. The theming of survey. - The first phase of the survey: to acquire data. From acquired data to the representation of the information. - The practice of the survey. First phase: to comprehend and to plan the survey. Second phase: to measure. Third phase: to represent. Forth phase: to read critically. - To measure. Measures and proportion. To measure like critical operation. The measure and the mistake. The graphic mistake. - Methods and techniques of surveying. The direct method, the topographic method and photogrammetry method: general and theoretical references, measure instruments, taking of measures, arrangement of the survey. New technologies and integration methods. - The representation of the survey. The conventional representations: general considerations. The conventional representations: from the geometry to the morphology. The conventional representations: thematic maps and theming survey. The not conventional representations: images and texts. The photographic materials. Cartographic and historical iconographical materials. - Surveying, inventory, cataloguing and classification. - Outlines about the history of architectonical and urban survey. - Outlines about the history of mapping.

Prerequisites - Know the main theories of descriptive geometry finalized to architectural representation. - Know how to apply the main methodologies and techniques for the management of architectural shapes with bi-dimensional representations. - Know how to apply the main methodologies and techniques for the management of architectural shapes with three-dimensional representations.

Adopted References 1) Ippoliti Elena (2000). Rilevare. Comprendere. Misurare. Rappresentare. Roma, Kappa, Roma, 2000.

Attendance at lessons The course lasts one semester and takes place with two lessons per week. Attendance at lessons is not mandatory but is strongly recommended. In fact, the lessons are organized by alternating theoretical and applicative aspects: students put knowledge into practice through exercises that are started and verified in the classroom.

Evaluation of learning: procedure and method Learning is monitored through continuous exercises where the students put into practice the knowledge they are transmitted through lessons and classroom activities. In the examination will be assessed all the exercises produced and verified the actual knowledge and control of the main topics discussed and addressed during the course.

Additional readings Manuali sul rilevamento - Docci Mario, Diego Maestri (1994 e sg). Il rilevamento architettonico e urbano, 2 voll., Laterza, Roma-Bari 1994 ed edizioni successive. - Jean Paul Saint Aubin (1999). Il rilievo e la rappresentazione dell’architettura, edizione italiana a cura di Laura BARATIN, Moretti & Vitali Editori, Bergamo, 1999. Sulla didattica del rilievo 2) Ippoliti, E.; Pedone, T. (2020). Eminent forms: from the Moka pot to the Chapel. Image-based modelling in the teaching of surveying/Forme eminenti: dalla Moka alla Cappella. Image-based modeling nella didattica del rilievo. In Tommaso Empler, Adriana Caldarone, Alexandra Fusinetti (a cura di). 3D Modeling & BIM. Data modeling and management for AECO industry, pp. 1-30. Roma: DEI. Tipografia del Genio Civile. Sul disegno dell’ordine 3) Migliari, R. (1991). Il Disegno degli ordini e il rilievo dell’architettura classica: Cinque Pezzi Facili. Disegnare, Idee Immagini. Anno II, n. 2, giugno 1991, pp. 49-66. Sulla fotogrammetria 4) Ippoliti, E.; Sicuranza, F. (2013). Terzo approfondimento. Dalla prospettiva alla fotogrammetria digitale. In E. Ippoliti, Valorizzare il patrimonio culturale. Esperienze per Ascoli Piceno. Shedding light on the cultural heritage. The Ascoli Piceno Experience. Roma: Aracne, pp. 210-227. 5) Ippoliti E., Meschini A., Sicuranza F. (2015). Structure from motion systems for architectural heritage. A survey of the internal loggia courtyard of Palazzo dei Capitani, Ascoli Piceno, Italy. In: International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives - WG V/4, CIPA; 3D-Arch 2015 – 3D Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex Architectures (XL-5/W4), vol. 40, pp. 53-60. Dal rilievo all’interpretazione della “costruzione” e del “progetto” 6) Ippoliti, E.; Paris, L.; Trentani, M. (2017). Tra rilievo e progetto. La concezione spaziale di Bramante per il coro di Santa Maria del Popolo a Roma. Survey and design. The spatial concept invented by Bramante for the choir of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome. Disegnare, Idee Immagini. Anno XXVIII, n. 55, pp. 52-61. 7) Ippoliti, E.; Guadagnoli, F. (2018). Between Architecture and Writing: Graphical Geometry to Decipher Systems of Signs. Campo Verano in Rome. In: ICGG 2018 - Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics. Advances. In: Intelligent Systems and Computing, Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 769-780. 8) Camagni, F.; Ippoliti, E.; Tomasella N. (2024). The language of identity between uniformity and variation. The facades on porticoes at Piazza Vittorio Emanuele in Rome. Scires-it. SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology, pp. 27-44. Sul rilievo e il disegno per il “restauro virtuale” 9) Calvano, M.; Ippoliti, E. (2015). Comunicare la città e le sue immagini. Due casi studio per la reintegrazione dell’immaginaria forma urbis di Littoria/Communicating the city and its images. Two case studies for the reintegration of Littoria’s imaginary forma urbis. In: Disegno & Città. Cultura, Arte, Scienza, Informazione/Drawing & City. Culture, Art, Science, Information. Atti del 37 Convegno internazionale dei Docenti della Rappresentazione, Dodicesimo congresso UID. Torino 17-18-19 settembre 2015. Roma: Gangemi, pp. 101-109. 10) Ippoliti, E.; Carnevali, L.; Lanfranchi, F. (2017). Il Disegno per la ricostruzione di una storia. Il restauro virtuale del Monumento a Costanzo Ciano a Montenero di Livorno. Restauro Archeologico, vol. 26, 2/2017, pp. 52-73. Supporto alla didattica in uso: La piattaforma di e-learning della Sapienza, http://elearning2.uniroma1.it/

The course is organized in lessons, seminars and exercises related for the various topics. The sequence of different stages of training is organized mainly by specific exercises. Therefore, the various exercises are prepared with an increasing level of complexity in relation to the corresponding articulation of the various issues investigated.