Architecture

Content The origins of Mediterranean cultures, Egypt and Crete. - Micaenean civilisation.- From the greek Middle Ages to Archaism – The origin of the Greek Temple and of the Architectural Orders. - The Great Archaic Temples The Classical Age: Olympia, Paestum, Athens. - The Acropolis and the Parthenon - Pericles, Mnesicles, Callicrates and Ictinus. Hellenism: Alexandria and antique Urban Planning. Ippodamus and Dinocrates – Pergamon – The Reconstruction of the Archaic Temples: Ephesus, Sardis, Miletus. - The great Sanctuaries: Pergamon, Coos, Rhodes. Roman Architecture: Rome under the Tarquinii – the Hellenistic influence. – The use of arches, and the discovery of concrete and of the vault. - The great Republican Sanctuaries in Latium.- The application of Architectural Orders to arched walls (Tabularium Motif) – The Architecture of the great Dictators: Pompey, Cesar, Augustus. The Fora of Cesar and Augustus as prototypes of the Imperial Fora.- The Corynthian Order. -. Baiae and the first great cupolae.- Claudius and the rough ashlar -. Nero and The Domus Aurea. – The Flavii: the Colosseum, Rabirius. - Trajan and Apollodorus of Damascus.- The Age of Hadrian.- From the Severii to Diocletian. Spalatus - Maxentius and Costantine - Arches and Mausoleums – Roman Building Types: Residences, Thermae, Places of Entertainement. Late Antiquity and Early Christianism. - Pagan and Christian Art. – Rome and the first Basilicas. –Eastern and Western influences: triconcae and tetraconcae.- Syrian Churches.- .Ravenna – Theodoric and Justinian – Costantinople - Saint Sophia. Between VII and X century: Visigoth Spain and Lombard Italy. The Arabs and Omayyad Architecture – Carolingian Architecture: Aachen, Saint Gallen and benedictine influence – the Westwerk- The crisis of the Sacred Roman Empire. The Ottonian Renaissance: Spira, Worms, Mainz, France, Tours, Cluny II. Romanesque architecture: The Concept of Romanesque in Europe. France: Burgundy, Provence, Loire, Poitou, Perigord, Auvergne, Normandy and Norman England – The churches on «Camino de Santiago» – the crisis of the Benedectine Order – Bernard of Clairvaux and cisterceans architecture – Northern Italy: Lombardy and Emilia, Venice – Tuscany- Rome the XII century Renaissance – Montecassino –the Normans in Southern Italy and in Sicily: Puglia Cefalù and Monreale. The gothic architecture: Origins and limits of the concept of Gothic Art.-Definitions, spatial conceptions and structural systems – Suger, the reconstruction of the of St-Denis abbey and the gothic architecture in Ile-de-France: Saint Denis, Paris, Chartres, Reims – Germany: The Koln cathedral – England: Canterbury Lincoln, London Italy in the XIII and XIV century. – The influence of the new religious orders: Franciscans and Dominicans – Frederic II – the Central Italy cathedrals: Orvieto, Siena, Florence and Perugia – Venice – Emilia and Lombardy – Arnolfo di Cambio – Rome – Naples and the southern Kingdom. Europe in the XIV and XV century and the end of Gothic Art- The european Late Gothic. Florentine culture towards the Renaissance: tradition, cult for Antique Classicism and Humanism.

The student must possess the following indispensable knowledge: basic knowledge of Geometrical Drawing (orthogonal and axonometric projections); basic knowledge of History, in particular of the historical events of the period treated and the evolution of artistic culture, and geography. Furthermore, it is important that the student possesses basic knowledge of Structure Statics (behavior of trilithic and pushing structures, of arc and transmission mechanisms of the main stresses and their balancing).  

• C. Bozzoni, V. Franchetti Pardo, G. Ortolani, A. Viscogliosi, L’architettura del mondo antico, Roma-Bari 2006. • R. Bonelli, C. Bozzoni, V. Franchetti Pardo, Storia dell’architettura medioevale, Roma-Bari 1997. • G. Rocco, Introduzione allo studio degli ordini architettonici antichi, Roma 1995.

The attendance at the course is not mandatory

The exam will consist of an oral test, aimed at verifying the degree of knowledge of the works and the topics covered during the course. Also require information about the historical events of the period the treaty and on the evolution of artistic culture in the most important aspect. during the exam the student will demonstrate knowledge of the topics indicated in the programme, also with explanatory drawings. In particular, the student will illustrate graphically the architectural orders and buildings and themes in bold in the table of contents of exam topics.

PREPARAZIONE GENERALE Storia dell'architettura Voci dell'Enciclopedia Universale dell'Arte relative ai periodi trattati e ai singoli architetti. Per il "Romanico”, si consulti nel Dizionario di Architettura e Urbanistica, la relativa voce a cura di R. Bonelli. Si consiglia, inoltre, di consultare per le singole voci l’Enciclopedia dell’Arte Medioevale, dell’Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana . Teoria e la storia della critica d'arte VENTURI, L., Storia della critica d'arte, Torino 1964 ARCHITETTURA GRECA, ROMANA E BIZANTINA • BOZZONI C., FRANCHETTI PARDO V., ORTOLANI G., VISCOGLIOSI A., L’architettura del mondo antico, Bari 2006. • BERVE H., GRUBEN G., HIRMER H., I templi greci, Firenze 1962 • LAUTER, H., L’architettura ellenistica, Darmstadt 1986 • ROCCO G., Guida alla lettura degli ordini architettonici antichi. I. Il dorico, Napoli 1994. • ROCCO G., Introduzione allo studio degli ordini architettonici antichi, Roma 1995. • CHARBONNEAUX, I., MARTIN, R. e VILLARD, F., La Grecia ellenistica Milano 1971 • CREMA, L., L'architettura romana, in Enciclopedia classica, Sezione III, Archeologia e storia dell'arte classica, vol. XII, Archeologia (Arte romana), Tomo I, Torino 1959 • WARD PERKINS, J.B., Architettura romana, Milano 1979 • GROS P., Architettura e società nell’Italia Romana, Roma 1987 • COARELLI F., I santuari del Lazio in età repubblicana, Roma, 1987 • ADAM J.P., L’arte di costruire presso i Romani: materiali e tecniche, Milano 1989 ( la ed. Paris 1984) • GINOUVES, R.- MARTIN, R., Dictionnaire Mèthodique de l'Architecture grecque et romaine, I, Materiaux, techniques de construction, tecniques et formes du décor, Roma 1985 • KRAUTHEIMER, R., Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture , Harmondsworth 1965; trad. ital. aggiornata, Architettura paleocristiana e bizantina, Torino 1986 • MANGO, C., Architettura Bizantina , Milano 1974 • BETTINI, S., Lo spazio architettonico da Roma a Bisanzio , Bari 1978 PER LA STORIA DELLE ARTI FIGURATIVE • BECATTI G., L’arte dell’età classica, Firenze 1971 • BIANCHI BANDINELLI R., L'arte romana nel centro del Potere , Milano 1969 • BIANCHI BANDINELLI R., La fine dell'arte antica, Milano 1970 • GRABAR A., L’arte paleocristiana, Milano, 1980 • GRABAR A., L’età d’oro di Giustiniano, Milano, 1980 DALL’ETÀ CAROLINGIA A BRUNELLESCHI • HUBERT J., PORCHER J., VOLBACH W., L'impero carolingio , Milano 1968 • GRODECKI L., MUTHERICH F., TARALON J., WORMALD F., Il secolo dell' Anno Mille, Milano 1974 • GRODECKI L., L'architecture ottonienne, Paris 1958 • CONANT J.K., Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, Harmondswoth 1959 (1974) • KUBACH H.E., L'architettura romanica, Milano 1972 • TOMAN R., a cura di, Il Romanico, Colonia 1996 • BONELLI R., BOZZONI C., FRANCHETTI PARDO V., Storia dell’architettura medioevale, Bari 1997. • TOMAN R., a cura di, Il Gotico, Colonia 1996 GRODECKI, L., L'architettura gotica , Milano 1977 • ARGAN, G.C., L'architettura italiana del Duecento e Trecento, Firenze 1937 WHI'IE, J., Art and Architecture in Italv 1250-1400, Harmondsworth 1962 PER LA STORIA IN GENERALE • VOLPE, G., Il Medioevo, Firenze 1958 • LE GOFF, J., Il basso Medioevo , Milano 1967 PER LA STORIA DELL'ARCHITETTURA NEL QUATTROCENTO • BATTISTI E., Filippo Brunelleschi, Milano s.d. • SANPAOLESI, P., Brunelleschi, Milano 1955 PER LA STORIA DELL'ARCHITETTURA A ROMA • COARELLI F., Roma. Guida archeologica, Roma-Bari 1980 • KRAUTHEIMER R., Roma. Profilo di una città, 312-1308, Roma 1981 • AA.VV., Roma anno 1300, a cura di A.M.Romanini, Roma 1983). N.B. Per il massimo aggiornamento sui singoli monumenti di Roma fino alla tarda antichità, si veda il LEXICON TOPOGRAPHICUM URBIS ROMAE.

The exam will consist of an interview, designed to assess the student's knowledge of the works and themes covered in the course. Basic knowledge of the historical events of the period covered and the evolution of artistic culture in its most eminent expressions is also required. During the exam, students must demonstrate knowledge of the topics indicated in the syllabus, including sketches and explanatory drawings useful for illustrating what they will be asked to critically describe. In particular, students must graphically illustrate the architectural orders and—with plans, cross-sections, and geometric diagrams—the buildings and themes indicated in bold in the syllabus.

Greek Architecture Culture, religion, architecture Temple and temenos: types in relation to number and arrangement of columns, optical corrections, angular conflict, role of color. Architectural orders: origins, morphology and syntax. Constituent elements of the Doric order: formation and problems. Constituent elements of the Ionic order: formation and problems. The Hellenic Middle Ages (10th-8th centuries BC). From Mycenaean palace to Hellenic polis; from megaron to temple. From the Geometric Age to the Archaic Age (8th to 5th cent. BC). The origins of the temple in the Geometric and Protoarchaic ages (the tomb-heroon of Lefkandi, Temple A at Priniàs, the temple of Apollo at Thermo). The process of lithization of temple buildings and the emergence of a new architectural language. Early Doric temples in mainland Greece (temple of Poseidon at Isthmia; Heraion at Olympia), and in the western colonies of Magna Graecia (temples of Hera I and Athena at Paestum), and Sicily (the Apollonion at Syracuse, Temple C and Temple G at Selinunte, Olympieion at Agrigento). Early Ionic temples in Asia Minor (Heraion in Samos, Artemision in Ephesus). Late Archaic to Classical Age. Transitional architecture (temples of Apollo at Corinth, Aphaia at Aegina, Zeus at Olympia). The Acropolis in the time of Pericles (Parthenon, Propylaea, Erechtheion, the temple of Athena Nike). Late Classical Age. Developments in temple architecture, new architectural types (temple of Hephaestus at Athens, temples of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae, Athena Alea at Tegea, Zeus at Nemea, the Telesterion at Eleusis, the tholos at Epidaurus, temple of Athena Poliàs at Priene). The Hellenistic Age. The end of the polis and the rise of the great cities, architecture and new compositional research (Didymaion near Miletus, altar of Pergamon, the temple of Artemis Leukophriene at Magnesia on the Meander). The figure of Hermogene of Alabanda. Roman Architecture Origins of Roman architecture. Etruscan-Italic heritage (Temple of Capitoline Jupiter) and Hellenistic influence. Roman building techniques in relation to the new spatial possibilities arising from the use of opus cementicium. Notes on the geometry and static behaviour of vaults, domes, etc. Republican Rome. Latian sanctuaries (Palestrina, Terracina, Tivoli), basilicas in the Roman Forum, the Tabularium, temples in the Forum Boarium, the Roman house. Imperial Rome. The Julio-Claudian age and the formation of an imperial style: Fora of Caesar and Augustus, Ara Pacis and Augustus’s burial complex, Theater of Marcellus, Porta Maggiore, Domus Transitoria, Domus Aurea. The Flavian age: Templum Pacis of Vespasian, Domus Augustana, Domus Flavia, Arch of Titus; Coliseum. The Antonine Age, the adoptive emperors Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian: Nerva’s or Transitional Forum; Trajan’s Forum and the Trajan Markets complex; Trajan’s baths; Pantheon, Temple of Venus and Rome, Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli. The age of the Tetrarchy: Diocletian’s palace in Split; Villa of Piazza Armerina; Thessaloniki, the palatial complex of Galerius. The architecture of the Severans and the provinces of the Empire: Baalbek, Sanctuary of Jupiter Heliopolitanus and Temple of Venus; Leptis Magna, Forum of Septimius Severus. The Constantinian age: Basilica of Maxentius, Arch of Constantine, nymphaeum of the Licinian Gardens, so-called “Temple of Minerva Medica”; Trier, the “Basilica.” Early Christian and Byzantine architecture The birth of Christian architecture and Constantine’s foundations in Rome and the East. Characteristics of the Christian temple: worship basilicas, cemetery basilicas and double-envelope central buildings (St. Constance’s mausoleum, the basilicas of St. John Lateran and St. Peter’s in Rome; the basilica on the Golgotha and the Anastasis in Jerusalem; the basilica of the Nativity in Bethlehem). Christian architecture after Constantine. S. Lorenzo in Milan; S. Paolo fuori le mura, Santa Sabina, S. Maria Maggiore in Rome, Lateran Baptistery, S. Stefano Rotondo. The proto-Byzantine and the Christian East: regional characters of Justinian’s empire. S. Apollinare Nuovo, S. Apollinare in Classe and S. Vitale in Ravenna; St. Sophia and Sts. Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople; the basilica of St. John in Ephesus. Early Medieval and Romanesque Architecture Carolingian architecture and Charlemagne’s imperial conception. Typological innovations: the westwerk (Corvey Abbey, Palatine Chapel in Aachen); churches with opposing choirs, double transept (project for St. Gallen Abbey, Fulda Abbey); crypts; Torhalle in Lorsch. Ottonian architecture (protoromanesque). General traits, innovations and references to the late Antique and early Christian age (St. Michael in Hildesheim). Architecture of the Romanesque period. The European context between the 11th and 12th centuries. The architectural organism of the Romanesque church: plan and elevation typology, spatiality, building logic. From Ottonian to Romanesque in Germany (the cathedral in Speyer). Churches along pilgrimage routes in the territories of central France: characters and typology (Saint Philibert in Tournus, St. Martin in Tours, St. Martial in Limoges, St. Fois in Conques, Saint-Sernin in Toulouse) and in Spain (Santiago de Compostela). Cluniac architectural models (Cluny II, Cluny III). Developments in Romanesque architecture in Normandy and England (Notre-Dame in Jumièges, Saint-Etienne and Trinité in Caen; Durham Cathedral). Regional articulation of Romanesque architecture in France: Burgundy and Provence (Saint-Trophime); Poitou; Aquitaine (Angoulême Cathedral, Fontevrault Abbey, Saint-Front in Périgueux). Regional schools of Romanesque in Italy: Lombardy and Emilia (S. Ambrogio in Milan, S. Michele in Pavia, cathedral of Modena); Tuscany (monumental complex of the Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa, S. Miniato al Monte in Florence); Latium and the Roman marble masters (St. Peter’s and Santa Maria Maggiore in Tuscania, the portico of the cathedral of Civita Castellana; S. Clement, S. Maria in Cosmedin and the early Christian revival in Rome; Montecassino abbey); Puglie (Trani Cathedral, S. Nicola in Bari); Sicily (Palatine chapel in Palermo, Cefalù Cathedral); Venice (S. Marco). Cistercian architecture in France as transitional architecture from Romanesque to Gothic. Abbeys of Fontenay, Pontigny. Gothic Architecture Gothic architecture. General traits, architectural organisms and building elements. Abbot Suger, the “lux continua” and the birth of Gothic in Saint Denis. Early Gothic in the Ile de France (cathedrals of Noyon, Laon, Paris). The mature Gothic and the rayonnant in France (cathedrals of Chartres, Reims, Amiens; Sainte-Chapelle in Paris). The Gothic in England (cathedrals of Canterbury, Lincoln, Wells). Penetration and spread of Gothic in Italy: the role of Cistercian architecture (the abbeys of Fossanova and Casamari); the role of the Mendicant orders (S. Fortunato in Todi and S. Francesco in Assisi in Umbria; S. Croce and S. Maria Novella in Florence; S. Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice); the great communal cathedrals (Santa Maria Assunta in Orvieto, Santa Maria Assunta in Siena, Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence); the Southern Italy, the age of Frederick II. Selection of buildings and monumental complexes that can be visited in and around Rome for the preparation of flipped classrooms. Rome: Roman Forum, Palatine, Tabularium; Theatre of Marcellus and Coliseum; Imperial Forum and Trajan’s Markets; Pantheon; Baths of Diocletian (S. Maria degli Angeli); Basilica of Maxentius; Complex of S. Agnes and S. Constance; S. Stefano Rotondo; S. Sabina; S. Maria Maggiore; S. Clemente; SS. Quattro Coronati; S. Maria in Trastevere; S. Paolo fuori le mura; S. Maria sopra Minerva. Palestrina: Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia Tivoli: Hadrian’s Villa

Basic knowledge of historical events in the time span between Antiquity and the Middle Ages are necessary.

Attendance in the classroom and on guided tours is highly recommended.

The examination, consisting of an oral interview, is individual. The student must demonstrate to master the subject and to have acquired adequate critical capacity to discuss all topics developed in the course and place them in their historical context using also the graphic analysis (plan, elevation and section sketches). In order to prepare for the topics of the programme, students must study the texts recommended in the compulsory basic bibliography. Materials produced during exercises, surveys and personal research will be assessed in the examination.

The course includes ex cathedra lectures, visits to various archaeological sites, museum visits, and graphic exercises. Classroom lessons aim to define the two monographic sections on ancient and mediaeval architecture in relation to their historical and cultural timescale; to present useful specific case studies for the illustration of methodological principles and tools; to illustrate with the support of slides and video projections the most significant features of organisms and physical contexts that are often very far from each other and the connections between case studies and their various historical moments. Guided tours with the lecturer are a complement of classroom lessons introducing students to the direct observation of ancient and medieval architecture of Rome. Graphic exercises are planned to study specific topics through drawing, an indispensable tool of analysis and work for an architect. Students are required to attend lessons and exercises, in order to acquire above all the method of study. Prerequisites: Basic knowledge of architectural vocabulary and elementary skills of two-dimensional manual technical drawing (plans, sections, elevations).