Industrial pharmacy

Introduction to General and Molecular Pathology: Definition of homeostasis and health. Disease as homeostatic imbalance and loss of health. Evolution of the disease. Introduction to cell damage. Cellular pathology: Molecular mechanisms of cell injury. Cellular response to stress and noxious stimuli. Reversible and irreversible cell damage. Intracellular accumulations. Hydropic degeneration. Accumulations of lipids (Steatosis), cholesterol and cholesterol esters, proteins, glycogen, and pigments. Bilirubin metabolism and etiological classification and pathophysiology of Jaundices. Lysosomal storage diseases. Mechanisms and types of cellular adaptations to the stress (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia). Cell Death. Morphology, biochemical and molecular features of necrosis and apoptosis. Distinctive features of apoptosis with respect to cell death by necrosis. Etiology: Etiology and Pathogenesis. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathogenic factors. Physical causes of disease (Trauma; Electric current; Ionizing and exciting radiations; Hyperthermia and Hypothermia). Chemical causes of disease. Infections and infectious diseases. General principles of pathogenesis. Basic of Genetic Pathology: Mutations and mutagenesis. Karyotype anomalies: structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes. Cytogenic disorders involving autosomes and sex chromosomes. Transmission patterns and molecular basis of single-genes (Mendelian) disorders. Single-gene disorders with nonclassic inheritance (Caused by Trinucleotide-repeat mutations, mutations occurring at mitochondrial DNA, altered genomic imprinting). Multi-Factorial Disorders. Overview of congenital non-hereditary diseases. Basis of Immunology and Inflammation: Innate and adaptive immunity: The cells of the immune system. Dynamics of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response. Cells and Receptors of inflammation. Inflammation as a transcriptional program. The chemical mediators of acute inflammation of cellular and plasma origin. Acute inflammation phases and evolution: vascular modifications. Mechanisms of exudate formation and types of exudative inflammation. Phagocytosis. Chronic inflammation: phases, and evolution. Granulomas formation mechanisms. Granulomas from a foreign body and immunological granulomas. Systemic manifestations of inflammation: acute-phase proteins, blood count and leukocyte formula, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. Sepsis. Biomarkers of inflammation and sepsis. Mechanisms of thermoregulation. Hyperthermia and fever. Pathogenesis of fever. The action of pyrogens. Fever classification. Oncology: Etiology and pathogenesis of tumors. Classification and nomenclature. Benign and malignant tumors. Cytological features of cancer cells. Dysplasia, pre-cancerous lesion, and carcinoma in situ. Grading and staging of neoplasms. Diagnosis and Tumor markers. Phases of the neoplastic process: initiation, promotion, and progression. Genes and cancer: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Cancer angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis: patterns and mechanisms. Tumor dissemination and colonization. The hallmarks of cancer. Proliferation and apoptosis. Chemical, physical and viral carcinogenesis. Pleiotropic response to antiblastics. Cancer immunology and therapeutic perspectives. Tumor antigens and tumor cell immunogenicity. Effective mechanisms of immunity against tumors: innate and specific responses. Mechanisms of evasion of the immune response by tumors. Tumor immunotherapy. Stimulation of the host's anticancer responses: anticancer vaccines. Passive immunotherapy with T lymphocytes and antibodies. Precision medicine and target therapy. Immunopathology: Autoreactivity and self-tolerance. Mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of autoimmunity pathogenesis. Loss of self-tolerance mechanisms. Genetic susceptibility and role of environment and infections in the development of autoimmunity. Principal organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases. Immunological basis of hypersensitivity reactions. Classification and mechanisms of cell and tissue damage. Type I hypersensitivity: genetic susceptibility, and role of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. Allergic diseases in humans. Type II hypersensitivity: damage due to cytotoxic antibodies. Transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, drug-induced hemolytic anaemia. Type III hypersensitivity: pathogenesis linked to immune complexes. Reaction of Arthus. Type IV hypersensitivity: tissue damage due to lymphocytes TH1 and CTL. Contact dermatitis, tuberculin reaction and granulomatous hypersensitivity. Diagnosis of immunological disorders. Immunodeficiency. Primary deficiencies of innate and specific immunity. Acquired immunodeficiencies. AIDS. Pathophysiology of the endocrine system: Endocrine system, classification of hormones, synthesis and secretion. Transport and metabolism, hormone signal receptors and transductions. Pathogenesis of endocrine hypo and hyperfunctions. Multiple endocrine neoplasms. Pathophysiology of the thyroid: Thyroid structure, thyroid functions, synthesis, secretion and degradation of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormone receptors. Pathology of the thyroid gland: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and goiter. Biochemical Markers Reflecting Thyroid Function. Pathophysiology of the adrenal cortex: Hypoadrenal syndromes, Addison's disease; hyper adrenal syndromes, Cushing's syndrome and disease. Pathophysiology of the endocrine pancreas: Diabetes mellitus. Epidemiology. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Carbohydrate homeostasis. Insulin and Glucagon. Alterations of metabolism in diabetes. Insulin-dependent and insulin-independent diabetes mellitus. Other forms of diabetes mellitus. Biochemical alterations resulting from hyperglycemia. Acute and chronic complications of diabetes. Blood and the Hematopoietic System: The pathophysiology of red blood cells. Anemia resulting from defective maturation of red cells. Megaloblastic Anemia. Hereditary hemolytic: anemia due to defective globin synthesis. Aplastic anemia and hemolytic anemia. The hemorrhagic diseases. Pathophysiology of coagulation and thrombosis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Diagnostics of Hemostatic Disorders. Pathophysiology of circulation and vessels: hemorrhage, active and passive hyperemia. Ischemia and Heart Attack. Embolism. Alteration of blood pressure: hypotension, shock, and hypertension. Diagnosis and rational therapeutic strategies. Atherosclerosis: definition, formation, and evolution of atheroma. Foam Cells. Rupture of the plaque.

Knowledge of General Physiology and Human Anatomy is crucial for understanding the course contents and achieving the learning objectives. Basic knowledge of Biochemistry and Genetics is also important to this purpose. Additionally, familiarity with Microbiology and Immunology is helpful.

It is recommended to use one of the following books: G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises Course materials are available at the link: https://elearning.uniroma1.it/course/view.php?id=3223

The frequency of the course is optional but strongly recommended.

The examination consists of an approximately 1/2 hour-long oral discussion, focused on the topics explained throughout the course. The reasoning skills and the ability to present the topics in a critical and exhaustive way along with appropriate medical/scientific language will be considered for the final evaluation. Sufficient program knowledge is required to pass the exam with minimum grades (18/30). To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must demonstrate an excellent understanding of all the topics covered during the course, being able to link them logically and consistently.

The adopted teaching model primarily consists of lectures, utilizing PowerPoint slides and video animations as telematic support. During the lessons, the teacher stimulates the participation of students with questions designed to highlight the links between the course and other previously followed courses whose concepts can help them understand the lessons. To enhance the student active engagement, it will be scheduled also didactic moments inspired by the "flipped classroom" approach. As a preparatory activity for the exams, students will perform multiple-choice self-assessment tests covering the topics considered throughout the course, followed by open discussions with the teacher.The lesson slides will be posted on the course website before each lecture, allowing students to review them in advance. The slides aid the study and should not replace the recommended textbooks and lectures the teacher gave. The student will find on the e-learning platform of the course website the teaching material helpful in preparing for the exam (acquired competences, exam program, recommended texts, Contacts and office hours, Exam procedure and sessions).