Medicine and Surgery

A) HISTOLOGY Study methods: concepts of fixation and staining. Basics of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The various types of microscopes and their uses. Main methodologies for studying cells and cellular components. Cell aggregation: concept of tissue, organ, and system. Tissue renewal; stem cells and the kinetics of cell populations. Epithelial tissues. Covering epithelia: cell polarity, cytoskeleton, membrane specializations; histogenesis, histological organization, classification; illustrative references to structure–function relationships (epidermis, intestinal epithelium, ciliated epithelium, endothelia). Exocrine and endocrine glands: mechanisms of cellular secretion; histogenesis, histological organization, classification; references to the main exocrine and endocrine glands. Connective tissues. Histogenesis, mesenchyme. Histological organization: cells, matrix, fibers. Structure–function relationships. Special connective tissues: reticular, adipose, elastic, mucous tissue. The macrophage system, endocytosis, and lysosomes. Blood and lymph. Composition of blood plasma. Morphology and morpho-functional correlations of blood elements. Determination of main blood values. Myeloid tissue and lymphoid tissue. Hemopoiesis and hemocateresis. Cartilaginous tissue. Histogenesis, histological organization, and morpho-functional correlations. The various types of cartilage. The perichondrium. Mechanisms of nutrition and growth of cartilage. Bone tissue. Histological organization of compact and spongy bone. The periosteum. The different types of ossification. Mechanisms of bone growth and remodeling. Functions of bone tissue. Muscle tissues.Histogenesis, histological organization, and morpho-functional correlations of skeletal striated muscle, cardiac striated muscle, and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue. Histogenesis, general organization, and morpho-functional correlations. Types of neurons and their morphology. Neuroglia. Synapse. Nerve fiber; general structure of nerves. B) EMBRYOLOGY Gametogenesis. Structural organization of gonads. Seminiferous epithelium and spermatogenesis. Oogenesis and folliculogenesis. Ovulation. Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Hormonal regulation of gametogenesis. Fertilization. Structural aspects and morpho-functional correlations. Preparation for implantation: modifications of the uterine mucosa. First and second weeks of development: segmentation, formation of the embryonic area. Third week: gastrulation, primary EMT. Notochord. Formation of definitive germ layers. Fourth week: embryo folding and delimitation of the embryonic area. Fate of the three germ layers. Ectoderm evolution: formation of the neural tube. Primitive and definitive brain vesicles and their derivatives. Mesoderm evolution: somites, intermediate mesoderm, lateral mesoderm and their definitive derivatives. Development of the urinary and male and female genital systems. Endoderm evolution: formation of the primitive gut and its differentiation. Cloaca and its derivatives. Budding and development of the respiratory system. Pharyngeal apparatus and its derivatives: arches, clefts, and pharyngeal pouches. Development of the face. Formation of the bones of the skull, trunk, and limbs. Formation of striated and smooth muscles. Formation of the four-chambered heart and blood vessels. Serous cavities. Embryonic origin of the main glands (pituitary, pancreas, adrenal gland, thyroid). Development of embryonic annexes. Nutrition of the embryo: fetal membranes, umbilical cord, and placenta. Notes on developmental defects and malformations of all systems and apparatuses.

Istologia di Valerio Monesi, autori (Adamo et al.) Edizione 7°, Editore. Piccin-Nuova Libraria Embriologia umana (D Felici et al.) Edizione 3°, Editore Piccin-Nuova Libraria