Medicine and Surgery

Educational objectives

The educational aims of biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system concern:

- understanding the mechanical and anatomical principles underlying human movement,

- the study of the forces acting on tissues, and

- the functional analysis of movements together with the ability to connect the structure of the human body with its function through a mechanical perspective.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
- Identify and describe bones, joints and muscles at autopsy table,
- Identify and describe gross anatomy and structure of the heart,
- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

The educational aims of biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system concern:

- understanding the mechanical and anatomical principles underlying human movement,

- the study of the forces acting on tissues, and

- the functional analysis of movements together with the ability to connect the structure of the human body with its function through a mechanical perspective.

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, the students should have knowledge of basic chemistry and of biochemical structures: glucides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In addition, he/she shoudl:
Know the chemical bases of pathophysiological processes,
Address in molecular terms some simple biomedical aspects,
Be aware of the importance of the chemical instruments in the cultural formation of a medical doctor.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Acquire the basic knowledge of Physics consistent with the scientific and technological developments of Medicine in its modern evolution.
Learn the fundamental principles of Physics useful for the understanding of the biomedical phenomena and the working principles of the new diagnostic methodologies as well as being able to better acquire interdisciplinary knowledge involving the laws and the principles of Physics.

By the end of the course, the student must:
- Be able to enunciate and explain a fundamental law of physics, by using the appropriate notation and the correct symbols for the physics quantities they represent.
- Be able to recognize and apply the fundamental physics laws that are needed to explain a physics phenomenon in a context that is either generic, applied to medicine or applied to biology.
- Be able to solve a simple problem of physics by calculating the physical quantity and expressing it with the appropriate units of measurement with the use of simple algebraic tools and basic trigonometric functions.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know how the structure of DNA and the bonds that stabilize it and that intervene in the specific interactions between DNA and proteins (structural and regulatory) are the basis of the control of gene expression
- biochemical basis of blood coagulation.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know the structure and function of amino acids, oligopeptides and water-soluble vitamins
- know the structure and function of fibrous proteins, myoglobin, hemoglobin and immunoglobulins
- know the properties and function of enzymes and their study
- know some methodologies of study and characterization of proteins
- know structure and function of carbohydrates and the bonds that stabilize the formation of polymers. Assembly of carbohydrates complexes with proteins and lipids
- know structure and function of lipids. Storage lipids and lipid components of membranes. Membrane architecture and function.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know how the structure of DNA and the bonds that stabilize it and that intervene in the specific interactions between DNA and proteins (structural and regulatory) are the basis of the control of gene expression
- biochemical basis of blood coagulation.

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Becoming acquainted with the relationship between structure and function in adult tissues and during organogenesis

Learning outcomes:
• Learning the morphofunctional organization of histological structures in the human body and in the embryo.
• Familiarize with the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration.
• Acquire the ability to analyze, interpret and describe histological samples.
• Understand the methodological and experimental approaches used to define and describe tissues; learn how to apply these approaches to biomedical and physio-pathological problems.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

The educational aims of biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system concern:

- understanding the mechanical and anatomical principles underlying human movement,

- the study of the forces acting on tissues, and

- the functional analysis of movements together with the ability to connect the structure of the human body with its function through a mechanical perspective.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course, the student must know the structural organization and functions of the human body and their main anatomical and clinical applications at macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural level, connecting the structural organization and corresponding functions in a medical practice perspective.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know how the structure of DNA and the bonds that stabilize it and that intervene in the specific interactions between DNA and proteins (structural and regulatory) are the basis of the control of gene expression
- biochemical basis of blood coagulation.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know how specific hormonal cascades, via receptors binding and signal transduction, lead to a fine tuning of our metabolism at the whole organism level.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must:
- know the main metabolic pathways, their regulation at the molecular and cellular level, and their integration;
- recognize the rationale that governs the intermediate metabolic fluxes;
- be conscious that perturbations in the structures of biological macromolecules, which carry out reactions and which are involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways, are at the onset of pathological cellular and systemic conditions.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

The educational aims of biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system concern:

- understanding the mechanical and anatomical principles underlying human movement,

- the study of the forces acting on tissues, and

- the functional analysis of movements together with the ability to connect the structure of the human body with its function through a mechanical perspective.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To understand how animal viruses (most important families) are classified, how their genetic apparatus works and how they interact with and affect the host. The above molecular and cellular mechanisms must combine with the concept of viral pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control.
The student should achieve a good knowledge and comprehension of the structure, metabolism, replication and the main mechanisms of pathogenicity of bacteria and fungi of medical interest. Particular attention will be dedicated on the comprehension of the relationships occurring between microorganism-host and on the activation of the host immune response.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Main life cycles of parasites, transmission routes, host-parasite relationships, epidemiology and control.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To understand how animal viruses (most important families) are classified, how their genetic apparatus works and how they interact with and affect the host. The above molecular and cellular mechanisms must combine with the concept of viral pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control.
The student should achieve a good knowledge and comprehension of the structure, metabolism, replication and the main mechanisms of pathogenicity of bacteria and fungi of medical interest. Particular attention will be dedicated on the comprehension of the relationships occurring between microorganism-host and on the activation of the host immune response.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To understand the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response. To understand the fundamental mechanisms responsible for protection and for tissue damage, and to comprehend their specific role in the resistance against pathogens, the immune surveillance against tumors, and immune-mediated diseases. To apply the acquired information to describe the main events and mechanisms that define the development of protective and pathological immune responses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To understand the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response. To understand the fundamental mechanisms responsible for protection and for tissue damage, and to comprehend their specific role in the resistance against pathogens, the immune surveillance against tumors, and immune-mediated diseases. To apply the acquired information to describe the main events and mechanisms that define the development of protective and pathological immune responses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To understand the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response. To understand the fundamental mechanisms responsible for protection and for tissue damage, and to comprehend their specific role in the resistance against pathogens, the immune surveillance against tumors, and immune-mediated diseases. To apply the acquired information to describe the main events and mechanisms that define the development of protective and pathological immune responses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Theory of measurement and its application to the clinical laboratory and diagnostic problems
• Specimen collection
• Main analytical methods used in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• Clinical Toxicology
• Clinical Biochemistry of blood clotting and its disturbances
• Clinical Biochemistry of anemias, hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Theory of measurement and its application to the clinical laboratory and diagnostic problems
• Specimen collection
• Main analytical methods used in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• Clinical Toxicology
• Clinical Biochemistry of blood clotting and its disturbances
• Clinical Biochemistry of anemias, hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Direct and indirect microbiological methods
• Optimal procedures to collect the biological specimens from a patient and their conservation
• Analytical procedures to isolate and identify extracellular pathogens as well as facultative and obligate intracellular microorganisms
• Microbiological analysis of urine, liquor, blood, amniotic fluid, sputum, central venous catheters, prosthesis, medical devices pharyngeal, cervical, vaginal and rectal swabs
• Classical and innovative microbiological methods to detect bacteria adherent and in biofilm
• Host-parasite interaction with particular attention to inflammatory and infectious phenomena
• Homeostasis of iron, infection and inflammation

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Knowledge of the different types of laboratory analyses. The screening tests: understanding their significance and their usefulness. The cell blood count test: understanding the meaning and its usefulness.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: By the end of the course, the student must know:
• Basic approach to diagnostic parasitology. Main methods (microscopic, molecular and immunological) for direct and indirect diagnosis of major human parasitic infections.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the I semester, the student will have to:
• know the main biochemical and cellular mechanisms of human diseases in environmental, molecular and genetic pathology;
• know the basic pathogenetic mechasnims of acute and chronic inflammatory processes and the integrated network of immune cells and chemical mediators;
• have the knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of storage diseases
• know the fundamental mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cell injury and the positive and negative contributing factors to its resolution .
• be able to apply the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis for the clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the I semester the student will have to
• Know the basic principles of inheritance, genetic and chromosomal diseases and the classifications of hereditary diseases.
• Understand the epidemiological and statistical principles of the main hereditary diseases
• Know the main chromosomal, autosomal and X-linked diseases, and their genetic, molecular and clinical aspects.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the I semester, the student will have to:
• know the main biochemical and cellular mechanisms of human diseases in environmental, molecular and genetic pathology;
• know the basic pathogenetic mechasnims of acute and chronic inflammatory processes and the integrated network of immune cells and chemical mediators;
• have the knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of storage diseases
• know the fundamental mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cell injury and the positive and negative contributing factors to its resolution .
• be able to apply the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis for the clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the I semester the student will have to
• Know the basic principles of inheritance, genetic and chromosomal diseases and the classifications of hereditary diseases.
• Understand the epidemiological and statistical principles of the main hereditary diseases
• Know the main chromosomal, autosomal and X-linked diseases, and their genetic, molecular and clinical aspects.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the I semester, the student will have to:
• know the main biochemical and cellular mechanisms of human diseases in environmental, molecular and genetic pathology;
• know the basic pathogenetic mechasnims of acute and chronic inflammatory processes and the integrated network of immune cells and chemical mediators;
• have the knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of storage diseases
• know the fundamental mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cell injury and the positive and negative contributing factors to its resolution .
• be able to apply the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis for the clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the I semester the student will have to
• Know the basic principles of inheritance, genetic and chromosomal diseases and the classifications of hereditary diseases.
• Understand the epidemiological and statistical principles of the main hereditary diseases
• Know the main chromosomal, autosomal and X-linked diseases, and their genetic, molecular and clinical aspects.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Acquire psychological and psychosocial knowledge and some skills to be used in communication with patients and with their relatives, with particular reference to the clinical situation and to the promotion of care/cure and health behaviors.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module the students will be able
- to use a correct terminology to describe symptoms and signs of the digestive system and thyroid
- to provide a pathophysiological interpretation of some simple clinical situations
- to perform a physical exam of the abdomen

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Learning the theoretical bases and the main techniques for the collection of physical signs related to the respiratory and cardiovascular system. To be able to perform a physical examination of the chest and heart in patients, with the recognition of the main normal and abnormal physical signs. Knowing how to interpret the fundamental elements of ECG. Recapitulation of the techniques for collecting the medical history.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Acquire psychological and psychosocial knowledge and some skills to be used in communication with patients and with their relatives, with particular reference to the clinical situation and to the promotion of care/cure and health behaviors.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Theory of measurement and its application to the clinical laboratory and diagnostic problems
• Specimen collection
• Main analytical methods used in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• Clinical Toxicology
• Clinical Biochemistry of blood clotting and its disturbances
• Clinical Biochemistry of anemias, hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Understand the application of the most relevant techniques in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Parasitology, Clinical Pathology, Immunology and Immunohematology;
be able to decide which clinical laboratory analyses are appropriate for the patient under evaluation;
be aware of the usefulness and limits of the clinical information provided by the clinical laboratory analyses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes Prof. Angeloni:
Knowledge of the laboratory tests for the evaluation of the heart, liver, kidney. Understanding the significance and the usefulness of the urine analyses. Knowledge of the circulating tumor markers.

Learning outcomes Prof. Mainiero:
Understand the application of the most relevant techniques in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Parasitology, Clinical Pathology, Immunology and Immunohematology;
be able to decide which clinical laboratory analyses are appropriate for the patient under evaluation;
be aware of the usefulness and limits of the clinical information provided by the clinical laboratory analyses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Clinical Biochemistry of nucleotide metabolism and its disturbances; gout
• Clinical Biochemistry of heme metabolism and its disturbances: porphyrias, jaundice
• Biochemical analysis of plasma proteins and enzymes
• Biochemical analysis of lipoproteins; dislipidemias, their classification and their diagnosis
• Clinical Biochemistry of glucose and glycogen metabolism and its disturbances; diabetes, glycogenoses
• Clinical Biochemistry of aminoacid metabolism and its disturbances
• Disturbances of the homeostasis of water, salts, and pH. Acidosis and alkalosis
• Clinical Biochemistry of endocrine disturbances.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the I semester, the student will have to:
• know the main biochemical and cellular mechanisms of human diseases in environmental, molecular and genetic pathology;
• know the basic pathogenetic mechasnims of acute and chronic inflammatory processes and the integrated network of immune cells and chemical mediators;
• have the knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of storage diseases
• know the fundamental mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cell injury and the positive and negative contributing factors to its resolution .
• be able to apply the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis for the clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the I semester the student will have to
• Know the basic principles of inheritance, genetic and chromosomal diseases and the classifications of hereditary diseases.
• Understand the epidemiological and statistical principles of the main hereditary diseases
• Know the main chromosomal, autosomal and X-linked diseases, and their genetic, molecular and clinical aspects.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Acquire psychological and psychosocial knowledge and some skills to be used in communication with patients and with their relatives, with particular reference to the clinical situation and to the promotion of care/cure and health behaviors.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Learning the main theoretical bases and acquire the basic techniques to perform the neurological and musculoskeletal examination. Knowing how to properly set up the doctor-patient relationship. Learning the correct terminology for the definition of frameworks and clinical conditions. Learning the basics of clinical reasoning.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowing how to perform the simplest maneuvers of the neurological examination and for the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. Recapitulation of the techniques for collecting the anamnesis. Know how to perform clinical reasoning using real clinical data.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module the students will be able
- to use a correct terminology to describe symptoms and signs of the digestive system
- to provide a pathophysiological interpretation of some simple surgical situations
- to perform a physical exam of the abdomen
- to perform a digital rectal inspection on a mannequin

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To familiarize with the basis of scientific communication:
• Analyze graphs: preparation and interpretation
• Write simple scientific texts
• Give a journal club and participate in the discussion.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
at the end of the module the students will be able:
- to use a correct terminology to describe symptoms and signs of the digestive system and surgical emergencies
- to provide a pathophysiological interpretation of some simple surgical clinical situations
- to perform a physical exam of the abdomen

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Students must have an adequate knowledge of the most important cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in terms of basic research, nosography, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, anatomopathology and clinics.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Students must have an adequate knowledge of the most important cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in terms of basic research, nosography, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, anatomopathology and clinics.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Students must have an adequate knowledge of the most important cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in terms of basic research, nosography, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, anatomopathology and clinics.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Students must have an adequate knowledge of the most important cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in terms of basic research, nosography, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, anatomopathology and clinics.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Students must have an adequate knowledge of the most important cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in terms of basic research, nosography, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, anatomopathology and clinics.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Students must have an adequate knowledge of the most important cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in terms of basic research, nosography, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, anatomopathology and clinics.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Urology:
By the end of the course the student must be able to:
- take a medical history and to perform physical examination in patients with urological disorders (including digital rectal examination and scrotal examination).
- to perform a differential diagnosis of the different urological conditions included in the course programme;
- to introduce a bladder catheter in male and female patients,
- to interpret urine analysis and urine culture,
- to prescribe antibiotic therapy on the base of the antibiogram,
- to interpret a plain radiography of the abdomen and a CT scan of the abdomen with reference to urological disorders;
- to interpret renal, bladder and scrotal ultrasound with reference to urological disorders.
- to interpret semen analysis.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Urology:
By the end of the course the student must be able to:
- take a medical history and to perform physical examination in patients with urological disorders (including digital rectal examination and scrotal examination).
- to perform a differential diagnosis of the different urological conditions included in the course programme;
- to introduce a bladder catheter in male and female patients,
- to interpret urine analysis and urine culture,
- to prescribe antibiotic therapy on the base of the antibiogram,
- to interpret a plain radiography of the abdomen and a CT scan of the abdomen with reference to urological disorders;
- to interpret renal, bladder and scrotal ultrasound with reference to urological disorders.
- to interpret semen analysis.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student must:
- Be able to collect anamnestic data pertinent to renal diseases.
- Distinguish the different clinical pictures of renal patients.
- Require specific tests helpful to diagnose different syndromes.
- Evaluate and interpret renal function tests, urinary sediment and the diagnostic value of radiologic techniques pertinent to nephrology.
- Diagnose Acute, Subacute and Chronic Renal Failure (classify and understand the prognostic values of different stages).
- Identify major electrolyte and acid-base derangements.
- Understand the clinical value of renal biopsy and the histologic changes of primary and secondary glomerulonephritis.
- Identify the clinical hallmarks of hereditary renal diseases.
- Appreciate the clinical specificities of patients receiving renal replacement therapies (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and transplantation).
- Evaluate hypertensive patients from a nephrologic point of view.
- Evaluate a patient presenting with nephrolithiasis.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The students will be able to apply theoretical knowledge to clinical practice in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The students will be able to apply theoretical knowledge to clinical practice in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Students must have an adequate knowledge of the most important cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in terms of basic research, nosography, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, anatomopathology and clinics.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Morphological and molecular characterization of myocardial diseases.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report.

Educational objectives

The teaching objectives cover (1) the basic principles of pharmacology (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics); (2) the pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems; (3) drugs used in inflammation in cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders and drugs used in bacterial and viral infections; and (4) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems throughout life. Special attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) the pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
By the end of the course, students will have skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems. Stress response as the ability to adapt to internal and external stimuli will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic rather than acute. Stresses as a factor influencing the drug response.

Educational objectives

The teaching objectives cover (1) the basic principles of pharmacology (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics); (2) the pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems; (3) drugs used in inflammation in cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders and drugs used in bacterial and viral infections; and (4) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems throughout life. Special attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) the pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
By the end of the course, students will have skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems. Stress response as the ability to adapt to internal and external stimuli will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic rather than acute. Stresses as a factor influencing the drug response.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The students will be able to apply theoretical knowledge to clinical practice in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: to apply theoretical knowledge to clinical practice in human nutrition in health and disease.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: to apply theoretical knowledge to clinical practice in the diagnosis, management and treatment.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: To apply theoretical knowledge to clinical practice in the diagnosis, management and treatment.

Educational objectives

The teaching objectives cover (1) the basic principles of pharmacology (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics); (2) the pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems; (3) drugs used in inflammation in cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders and drugs used in bacterial and viral infections; and (4) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems throughout life. Special attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) the pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
By the end of the course, students will have skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems. Stress response as the ability to adapt to internal and external stimuli will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic rather than acute. Stresses as a factor influencing the drug response.

Educational objectives

Pharmacology II and Toxicology
The objectives of the course are: 1) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the central nervous system throughout life. Particular attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 2) pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders;
At the end of the course the students will have the skills in pharmacology of the central nervous system. The response to stress as the ability to adapt the central nervous system. Stress as a factor that influences the psychopharmaceutical response.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Learn the clinical features and the proper diagnostics techniques (clinical and instrumental) of the central and peripheral nervous system diseases. Know the appropriate pharmacological and surgical therapies in these conditions. Be aware of the purpose and medical-legal implications of these acts. Develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning. Develop a critical thinking in terms of Global Health, given that a number of health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Learn the clinical features and the proper diagnostics techniques (clinical and instrumental) of the central and peripheral nervous system diseases. Know the appropriate pharmacological and surgical therapies in these conditions. Be aware of the purpose and medical-legal implications of these acts. Develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning. Develop a critical thinking in terms of Global Health, given that a number of health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Learn the clinical features and the proper diagnostics techniques (clinical and instrumental) of the central and peripheral nervous system diseases. Know the appropriate pharmacological and surgical therapies in these conditions. Be aware of the purpose and medical-legal implications of these acts. Develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning. Develop a critical thinking in terms of Global Health, given that a number of health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course the student must:
• Know how to perform a correct medical history in order to identify the main elements of the risk factors related to behavior and lifestyle habits.
• Know how to perform the physical examination by looking for signs related to the symptoms reported
• Know how to choose between laboratory and instrumental diagnostic tests those related to the suspected pathology
• Formulate the diagnostic hypothesis by differential diagnoses
• Choose the correct therapeutic procedure.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course the student must:
• Know how to perform a clinical framework for the main andrologic diseases
• Know how to perform the physical examination by looking for possible signs related to the reported symptoms
• Know how to choose between laboratory and instrumental examinations those related to the suspected pathology
• Formulate the diagnostic hypothesis by differential diagnoses
• Choose the correct therapeutic procedure

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course the student must know the main medical therapies for the treatment of male, female and couple re-installation interventions. In addition, the student will need to know the medical therapies in preparation for any medically assisted procreation techniques. Finally, notions about medical therapy of sexual dysfunction are required.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course the student must:
• Know how to perform a correct medical history in order to identify the main elements of the risk factors related to behavior and lifestyle habits.
• Know how to perform the physical examination by looking for signs related to the symptoms reported
• Know how to choose between laboratory and instrumental diagnostic tests those related to the suspected pathology
• Formulate the diagnostic hypothesis by differential diagnoses
• Choose the correct therapeutic procedure.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- Define terms relevant and common to the description of disorders of the skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes.
- Correlate cutaneous symptoms and signs with dermatologic diseases.
- Explain the approach to the diagnosis and evaluation of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- List and explain the typical findings, presentation, clinical course, natural history and complications of common and important cutaneous disorders.
- Describe the pathophysiology and major pathologic features as well as the epidemiology of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- Practice and demonstrate systematic skills of physical diagnosis to describe findings of patients with cutaneous disease.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- Define terms relevant and common to the description of disorders of the skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes.
- Correlate cutaneous symptoms and signs with dermatologic diseases.
- Explain the approach to the diagnosis and evaluation of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- List and explain the typical findings, presentation, clinical course, natural history and complications of common and important cutaneous disorders.
- Describe the pathophysiology and major pathologic features as well as the epidemiology of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- Practice and demonstrate systematic skills of physical diagnosis to describe findings of patients with cutaneous disease.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- Define terms relevant and common to the description of disorders of the skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes.
- Correlate cutaneous symptoms and signs with dermatologic diseases.
- Explain the approach to the diagnosis and evaluation of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- List and explain the typical findings, presentation, clinical course, natural history and complications of common and important cutaneous disorders.
- Describe the pathophysiology and major pathologic features as well as the epidemiology of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- Practice and demonstrate systematic skills of physical diagnosis to describe findings of patients with cutaneous disease.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course the student must know:
- how to make a correct diagnosis and to give instructions about the treatment of orthopaedic and traumatological diseases
- the therapeutic, medical, surgical and rehabilitative possibilities of the main orthopaedic and traumatological pathologies
- the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations (both symptoms and signs), diagnostic laboratory tests and imaging techniques, and therapeutic strategies of rheumatic diseases not included in the Applied Pathology IV course: osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, infectious arthritis, osteoporosis, Paget’s disease of bone.
- Recognize the main rheumatic, orthopaedic and traumatological diseases, also knowing the relative therapeutic, surgical and rehabilitative plans. Understand the principles of rehabilitation and make a decision on when to refer a patient to a rehabilitation specialist or rehabilitation centre.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Recognize the diagnostic and therapeutic elements of the main diseases in orthopaedics and traumatology.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course the student must know:
- how to make a correct diagnosis and to give instructions about the treatment of orthopaedic and traumatological diseases
- the therapeutic, medical, surgical and rehabilitative possibilities of the main orthopaedic and traumatological pathologies
- the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations (both symptoms and signs), diagnostic laboratory tests and imaging techniques, and therapeutic strategies of rheumatic diseases not included in the Applied Pathology IV course: osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, infectious arthritis, osteoporosis, Paget’s disease of bone.
- Recognize the main rheumatic, orthopaedic and traumatological diseases, also knowing the relative therapeutic, surgical and rehabilitative plans. Understand the principles of rehabilitation and make a decision on when to refer a patient to a rehabilitation specialist or rehabilitation centre.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: To encourage interdisciplinary and inter-professional collaboration, the course aims to provide basic knowledge on the functions of the mind (perception, attention, emotions and emotion regulation, learning, memory, language, consciousness, reasoning), on the main individual and personality characteristics and on the most relevant psycho -social processes for the promotion and protection of health in clinical medical settings.
At the end of the course the student must: a) know the psychological processes relevant to the activity of the doctor and other health professionals; b) understand the role of subjective factors in the evaluation of cases and effects of treatment; c) recognize the relevance to health of behaviors and subjective well-being; d) know some psychological models and constructs relevant for self-regulation and implementation of behavior change intentions; e) know the stress and burn out processes and some principles for stress management; f) know the main orientations of psychoeducational interventions, counseling and psychotherapies.
The skills to apply the knowledge learned will be stimulated through the discussion of cases and problems in the classroom. The ability to understand, communicate and reflect critically will be prompted by asking each student to review one or two of the summary presentations on the crucial notions of the chapters of the 3d edition of the textbook prepared by colleagues of previous years and to update them with respect to the new 4th edition of the text (due on March 1 2019).

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: To encourage interdisciplinary and inter-professional collaboration, the course aims to provide basic knowledge on the functions of the mind (perception, attention, emotions and emotion regulation, learning, memory, language, consciousness, reasoning), on the main individual and personality characteristics and on the most relevant psycho -social processes for the promotion and protection of health in clinical medical settings.
At the end of the course the student must: a) know the psychological processes relevant to the activity of the doctor and other health professionals; b) understand the role of subjective factors in the evaluation of cases and effects of treatment; c) recognize the relevance to health of behaviors and subjective well-being; d) know some psychological models and constructs relevant for self-regulation and implementation of behavior change intentions; e) know the stress and burn out processes and some principles for stress management; f) know the main orientations of psychoeducational interventions, counseling and psychotherapies.
The skills to apply the knowledge learned will be stimulated through the discussion of cases and problems in the classroom. The ability to understand, communicate and reflect critically will be prompted by asking each student to review one or two of the summary presentations on the crucial notions of the chapters of the 3d edition of the textbook prepared by colleagues of previous years and to update them with respect to the new 4th edition of the text (due on March 1 2019).

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: In order to achieve good clinical skills proficiency in psychiatry, the course aims to provide basic information on principles of mental health, of psychopathology, and of mental disorders and their epidemiology, clinical features, detection, diagnosis and treatment in the community and in hospital.
At the end of the course the student must: a) know the global and individual impact of mental disorders; b) recognize main signs and symptoms of mental disorders; c) know epidemiology, clinical characteristics and course, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of mental disorders; d) to recognize common consciousness disorder with their differential diagnosis in medicine e) know the treatment of acute and long-term pharmacological and psychosocial treatment of mental disorders; d) know basic forensic aspects of psychiatry and compulsory treatment of mental disorders.
Main mental disorders will be illustrated through the presentation and discussion of cinematic clinical cases in the classroom.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians for the management of health issues related to gynecology, obstetrics and perinatology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Neonatology
• Neonatal care in the delivery room, resuscitation of the newborn, knowing its characteristics and vital signs,
• provide medical care to healthy newborn, assessing their adaptation to post-natal life, and recognizing the onset of the most frequent pathological manifestations,
• facilitate the mother-to-child approach in particular to promote breast-feeding and transmit the knowledge on the various modes of feeding and basic standards of personal and environmental hygiene,
• Have the main concepts to prevent the direct transmission of infectious diseases and the occurrence of occupational diseases

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians for the management of health issues related to gynecology, obstetrics and perinatology.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
• Know the main legislative norms that regulate the Health organization and the fundamentals of bioethics in the present-day problematic area, knowledge of ethical norms and different cultural models, the area of action of clinical bioethics and the concept of taking care of the patient.
• Be able to carry out medico-legal procedures; be able to make an ethical analysis of a case history and an evaluation of the doctor’s own behavior in critical situations following the principles of medical ethics.
• Be aware of deontological obligations and responsibility in the practice of medicine and in the national area of the social security system.
• Be able to be a doctor who, respecting a person’s dignity, acts by safeguarding the health and welfare of the patient and of the community, using the limited resources available by law, aware of the need to respect the patient’s rights and autonomy but at the same time helping the patient to reach a decision aimed at what is best for him.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must know:
1) Normal growth, development and behavior and their assessment, as well as approaches to abnormalities from infancy through adolescence
2) Health maintenance and preventive care for children, including age-related issues in nutrition, safety, vaccination and risk factor identification and modification
3) Common acute and chronic pediatric conditions, congenital and genetic syndromes, and the importance of age on their manifestations and
4) Principles of physiology and pharmacology applicable to children from birth through adulthood, especially age-related changes.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student must have developed knowledge about:
a) Normal neurological and mental development of children
b) Epidemiology and clinical presentation of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents
c) Developmental disorders: definition, epidemiology and nosography
d) Nosography and etiology of neurological disorders in children
e) Presenting symptoms and diagnostic work-up in neurological and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must know:
1) Normal growth, development and behavior and their assessment, as well as approaches to abnormalities from infancy through adolescence
2) Health maintenance and preventive care for children, including age-related issues in nutrition, safety, vaccination and risk factor identification and modification
3) Common acute and chronic pediatric conditions, congenital and genetic syndromes, and the importance of age on their manifestations and
4) Principles of physiology and pharmacology applicable to children from birth through adulthood, especially age-related changes.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the critical steps in the management of most common musculoskeletal injuries in the Emergency Department (damage control) and ultimate reconstructive surgeries.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The student acquires knowledge related to the main emergencies in the field of Emergency Medicine, thus develops skills and competences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Acquisition of knowledge and competences related to the treatment of polytrauma patients, on the basis of the ATLS guidelines, and to the main non traumatic surgical abdominal emergencies.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: knowledge of the principles of management of the main vascular emergencies.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the principles of management of the main neurological emergencies.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Major organ shortcomings. Principles of pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the critical steps in the management of most common musculoskeletal injuries in the Emergency Department (damage control) and ultimate reconstructive surgeries.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the principles of radiological management of the critical patient and indications of the different radiological exams.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.