Cybersecurity

Educational objectives

General goals:
To be able to design and evaluate a biometric or multibiometric system.

Specific goals:
To know the features and basic techniques related to physical biometric identifiers, such as face, fingerprint, iris, etc., and behavioral, such as gait, signature (dynamic), voice, typing mode, etc. Architecture of a biometric system: unimodal systems and multibiometric architectures. To be able to evaluate the performance of a biometric system according to the adopted modality: verification and identification. To be able to evaluate/assure the robustness of a biometric system against spoofing attacks (identity theft).

Knowledge and understanding:
Fundamentals of design of a biometric system and of the techniques to extract/match the specific characteristics for the main biometric traits.

Applying knowledge and understanding:
To be able to design and implement an application for biometric recognition for at least one biometric trait.

Critical and judgmental capabilities:
To be able to assess the performance and robustness of a biometric system to presentation attacks. To be able to transfer techniques and protocols in different contexts.

Communication skills:
To be able to communicate/share the requirements of a biometric system, the most suited modalities for a certain application, and the performance measures of a system.

Capability of autonomous learning:
To be able to autonomously get a deeper insight on the course topics, in relation to either specific/complex techniques and methods, or to biometric traits not covered in the course.

Educational objectives

General Objectives
Main objective of the course is to provide the basics of system programming.

Specific Objectives
Students will be able to autonomously develop programs able to interact with the operating system and exploit its services.

Knowledge and Understanding
-) Knowledge of the C programming language and of the tools normally available in the development environment (compiler, preprocessor, debugger, make, etc.).
-) Knowledge of the main functions of an operating system and its fundamental components (Scheduler, Virtual Memory Manager, Filesystem .. )
-) Knowledge of the most important primitives and interfaces in order to create and synchronize processes and threads, exchange messages and signals.
-) Knowledge of the socket framework and its API.

Applying knowledge and understanding:
-) How invoke system primitives and correctly integrate system calls in applications
-) How select the most appropriate frameworks and paradigms, depending on application requirements and runtime characteristics.

Autonomy of Judgement
Students will be able to assess the complexity and the implementation criteria of specific applications

Communication Skills
Students will be able to describe how their applications use the system call API and explain the reasons behind their choices.

Next Study Abilities
Students will be able to further develop their skills examining, with more details, the architecture and the programming interface of the operating system.

Educational objectives

General Objectives

The basics of security in software programs

Specific Objectives

Methodology and tools to find and remove the most common software vulnerabilities, and to develop software free of security flaws

Knowledge and Comprehension

Learning the most effective techniques to remove vulnerabilities from code and to develop software satisfying specific security policies

Ability to apply Knowledge and Comprehension

The student is able to transfer the knowledge on the methodologies to the selection of the appropriate techniques and tools to remedy to the presence of vulnerabilities.

Authonomy of judgement

The student learns to analyze the problem and to identify the proper methodologies and tools to solve problems of software security

Ability to Communicate

The student is able to communicate successfully and to defend the choices made in the selection of the appropriate methodologies and tools.

Ability to Learn

The student is able to continue the learning process in authonomy to comprehend new methodologies and the applicability of new tools.

Educational objectives

Data and Network Security
General goals
The course Data and Network Security is designed to provide students with a solid foundation in the fundamental principles of cybersecurity, while also exposing them to current trends and cutting-edge developments in the field. Moreover, this course aims at promoting active participation in class and students' discussions on such security topics
Specific goals
The Data and Network Security course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of a broad spectrum of cybersecurity concepts, paradigms, and real-world applications. It emphasizes a critical perspective on the evolving threat landscape, encouraging students not only to learn the foundations of cybersecurity but also to explore cutting-edge challenges and research trends. Each lecture is structured with a dual purpose: first, to introduce a specific cybersecurity topic—such as authentication mechanisms, types of malware, covert communication channels, cyber deception, remote attestation in IoT, digital forensics, data privacy, software-defined networking, and advanced persistent threats—and second, to highlight key research questions, emerging threats, and novel techniques relevant to that topic. This approach ensures that students gain both theoretical grounding and awareness of practical and research-driven issues. A central aim of the course is to cultivate critical thinking and research-oriented curiosity. Students are encouraged to go beyond surface-level understanding by engaging with research papers that have either advanced the state of the art or uncovered new vulnerabilities and system abuses. To foster this mindset, students will conduct independent research on a security topic of their choice. They will analyze current approaches, present their findings to peers, and participate in discussions about future directions in cybersecurity. This active engagement with contemporary research equips students with the skills to evaluate, question, and contribute to the field.
Knowledge and understanding
Students will gain a solid foundation in the fundamental principles of cybersecurity, including the core concepts, technologies, and practices that protect digital systems and data from unauthorized access, attacks, and exploitation. They will explore key areas such as cryptographic methods, secure communication protocols, threat modeling, and common types of cyberattacks (e.g., phishing, malware, denial-of-service). Through both theoretical instruction and practical examples, students will develop an understanding of how cybersecurity measures are designed, implemented, and evaluated in real-world systems. This foundational knowledge will prepare them to critically assess security risks, recognize vulnerabilities, and apply basic protective mechanisms in a variety of digital environments.

Application of knowledge and understanding
Students will apply the knowledge gained throughout the course by engaging in individual or group projects that encourage them to explore diverse and emerging areas within the cybersecurity landscape. These projects will challenge them to investigate specific security issues, analyze real-world threats or vulnerabilities, and evaluate existing or novel defense mechanisms. By conducting literature reviews, designing experiments, or developing proof-of-concept implementations, students will deepen their understanding of the field while also developing critical thinking, problem-solving, and research communication skills. The projects will culminate in presentations and technical reports, fostering collaborative learning and peer feedback.
Critical and Judgmental Skills
Students will develop critical analytical skills needed to evaluate and compare alternative approaches when designing secure information systems. This includes the ability to identify potential vulnerabilities, assess trade-offs between security and usability, and make informed decisions grounded in both theory and practical considerations.
Communication skills
Students will learn how to effectively document their technical and design choices, using both manual methods and automated reporting tools commonly adopted in cybersecurity workflows. In addition, they will develop the ability to clearly communicate complex scientific topics by preparing and delivering structured presentations. This will strengthen their skills in articulating research findings, defending their decisions, and engaging in informed discussion—essential competencies for both academic and professional environments.
Learning ability
The knowledge and skills acquired during the course equip students with a solid foundation for pursuing more advanced studies in cybersecurity. They will also be prepared to stay current with ongoing developments in the field, enabling them to critically engage with emerging threats, technologies, and research trends throughout their careers.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding
The course deals with the decision making processes of firms. In particular, students are expected to learn the basic principles of
• microeconomic analysis of the firm,
• the structure of firms and their internal organization,
• firm technology strategy,
• economic evaluation of investment projects,
• financial accounting

Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to apply basic methods and models of microeconomics, organization theory and corporate finance in order to:
• identify the determinants of firms’ strategic choices,
• analyze the relationship between technological change in the industry and firms’ strategies
• evaluate the profitability of investment projects
• analyze the financial statement of a company

Making judgements
Lectures, practical exercises and problem-solving sessions will provide students with the ability to assess the main strengths and weaknesses of theoretical models when used to identify firms’strategies.

Communication
By the end of the course, students are able to discuss ideas, problems and solutions provided by the microeconomics of the firm, organization theory and corporate finance both with a specialized and a non-specialized audience. These capabilities are tested and evaluated in the final written exam and possibly in the oral exam.

Lifelong learning skills
Students are expected to develop those learning skills necessary to undertake additional studies on relevant topics in microeconomics, organization theory and corporate finance with a high degree of autonomy. During the course, students are encouraged to investigate further any topics of major interest, by consulting supplementary academic publications, specialized books, and internet sites. These capabilities are tested and evaluated in the final written exam and possibly in the oral exam, where students may have to discuss and solve some new problems based on the topics and material covered in class.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The course will provide students with both theoretical and practical background on wireless and Internet of Things systems. The course includes an hands on lab.

Specific objectives:
The course will provide students with both theoretical and practical background on wireless and Internet of Things systems. The unique challenges of such systems will be introduced, explaining why they requires special design choices with respect to wired networks. The student will be able to reason on what are the right design choices to increase efficiency, reliability, energy efficiency,..., creating the background for being able to design future generation sensing and IoT systems. He/she will also have the possibility to have hands on experience on programming IoT devices in a lab.

Course summary
-Introduction to Wireless Systems (design challenges of a wireless system; things to know on how the signal propagate, on how to design a low power system and on how to cope with limited resources available)

-From 2G to 5G: Cellular systems evolution towards an integrated system including also Internet of Things (Architecture, Protocols, Procedures, detailed presentation of how cellular systems work)

-Sensing systems basics: MAC protocols, routing protocols, localization and synchronization

-Towards the Internet of Things: features, standards, open challenges, low power IoT radio technologies -SigFox, LoRa

-Trends in Internet of Things research. This part will cover on going research issues related to future generation IoT systems. It will be based on research papers and maybe subject of revision during the class based on students interests and emerging topics. The following topics are expected to be addressed:

*Towards zero energy consuming IoT systems: how energy harvesting and wake up radios, as well as passive backscattering technologies are changing what and for how long we can do in IoT systems.
* IoT security issues and how blockchain technologies is being exploited in large scale IoT deployments to enable IoT vertical applications.
* When IoT meets machine learning: system level optimization at scale through machine learning techniques.
* IoUT (Internet of Underwater Things): how IoT, robotic technologies and machine learning are changing the Blue Economy sector.

- Lab: IoT systems programming

Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course students will have acquired knowledge about the performance trade offs associated to different system design choices and will be able to read and understand technical documents on wireless and IoT systems (papers, standards,---). At the end of the course students will be able to analyze standards and technical documents, understanding and implementing them. He/she will have done practical hands on experience on the programming and performance evaluation of such systems.

Application of knowledge and understanding:
The students will be able to provide solutions for new generations of wireless and IoT systems.

Judgment skills:
Students will develop the analytical skills necessary to evaluate various alternatives for the design of wireless and IoT systems selecting the best alternative for a
specific application scenario.

Communication skills:
Students will learn to present, in a synthetic and accurate way, using an adequate technical language, ideas, solutions and research results on wireless and IoT systems.

Learning ability:
The course will provide students with both theoretical and practical background on wireless and Internet of Things systems.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course explains the fundamentals of the methods and tools for the protection of computer networks. Particular attention is paid to the practical application of the concepts learned.

Knowledge and understanding
List commonly-seen threats arising from the use of particular protocols in networked computer systems. Explain mechanisms commonly used by intruders and designers of malware in order to compromise a computer system's security. Explain the basic mechanisms used for the detection of intrusion attempts in computer systems.

Application of knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course students will be able to monitor traffic in networks, apply a security policy, perform a network scan and search for vulnerabilities in a computer network. Students will develop the ability to select the appropriate firewall rules to protect a network, select the most appropriate mechanisms to protect a networked computer system and to make the most appropriate design choices to implement a "defense in depth" strategy, using isolated networks and dedicated tools (VPN, proxy and firewall).

Judgment skills
Students will develop the analytical skills necessary to evaluate different alternatives during the design process of a computer network, with particular reference to the evaluation of the architectural choices and related risks and to the security objectives that the system wants to pursue.

Communication capacity
Students will learn how to document their choices, also through the use of automated reporting tools. They will also have acquired the ability to prepare presentations related to specific scientific topics.

Ability to continue learning in an autonomous way
The concepts acquired during the course will provide students with a solid knowledge base in order to further deepen the more technical aspects, explore the alternatives not dealt with for time reasons and to autonomously keep themselves informed on the continuous developments and updates of network security and protection.

Educational objectives

General Objectives
The objectives of this course consist of presenting the concept of
secure computation with the purpose of designing systems for data
protection according to the data in use paradigm, therefore avoiding
data leakage towards servers, satisfying the principle of data
minimization. This course include both theoretical and practical
contents.

Specific Objectives
The course will introduce the concepts of security through simulation,
the use of garbled circuits, the computations through encrypted data
via homomorphic encryption, secret sharing and fairness in in
distributed computations, including both theoretical and practical
aspects, presenting concrete use cases and devoting part of the
allocated time to the use of libraries allowing to concretely
implement software including the above functionalities.

Knowledge and Understanding:
-) Knowledge of the concept of secure, fair and private computation.
-) Knowledge of the cryptographic tools useful for secure computation.
-) Understanding the practical limits when achieving practical secure
computation.

Applying knowledge and understanding:
-) Use of libraries to realize applications of secure computation.
-) Measure the performance and the obtained security levels with
existing libraries.

Critiquing and judgmental skills:
The students will be able to judge the actual (in)security of a design
and its performance.

Communication Skills:
The students will learn how to illustrate the various options to
securely realize systems through techniques of secure computation.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course aims at providing basic concepts and methodologies of control theory, operations research and game theory, which constitute an analytical framework for the modeling of cyber-physical systems and of the main types of attacks on cyber-physical systems (for example: "denial of service", " replay attack "," covert attack "," false data injection ") and for the solution of security games and decision problems. The course will summarize a number of such methodologies and show how their application is able to deal with cyber-physical security problems in numerous example use cases.

Specific objectives

Knowledge and understanding:
The students will learn methodologies for to model and solve security problems in cyber-physical systems by unsing control theory, game theory and operations research methodologies.

Apply knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to derive abstract mathematical models for a wide class of cyber-physical systems, to analyze, starting from these models, some important properties concerning their security.

Critical and judgment skills:
The student will be able to to face cybersecurity problems through control theory, game theory and operations research methodologies.

Communication skills:
The course activities allow the student to be able to communicate / share the main problems concerning cybersecurity problems in cyber-physical systems and the possible design choices for their soultions.

Learning ability:
The aim of the course is to make students aware on how to deal with control and decision-making problems in the context of cybersecurity problems in cyber-physical systems.

Educational objectives

General Objectives
Traditional cryptographic tools are insufficient for data protection in emerging scenarios. The objectives of this course consist of presenting several modern cryptographic tools and techniques along with their applications to realize the principle of "security and privacy by design" in the Cyberspace. This course provides both theoretical and practical expertise.

Specific Objectives
The course will illustrate the power of advanced signature schemes, advanced encryption schemes, verifiable random functions, privacy-preserving proof systems and cryptographic puzzles. A particular focus will be given to concrete applications like e-voting, e-auction, privacy-preserving contact tracing, digital cash, anonymous cryptocurrencies, identity wallet, secure messaging, fighting misinformation, GDPR compliance (right to be forgotten and data minimization principles), practical libraries and tools for advanced cryptography.

Knowledge and Understanding:
-) Knowledge of the security properties of advanced cryptographic tools.
-) Knowledge of the main hardness assumptions, on which the security
of advanced cryptographic tools is based.
-) Knowledge of the cryptographic schemes currently used in real life.
-) Understanding of their (practical and theoretical) properties.

Applying knowledge and understanding:
-) How to select and combine together the right advanced cryptographic
tools for a given application.
-) How to analyze the security and efficiency of a system based on
advanced cryptographic tools.

Critiquing and judgmental skills:
The students will be able to judge whether a system is secure or not according to a realistic threat model.

Communication Skills:
The students will learn how to illustrate the resilience of a digital system to concrete attacks.

Ability of learning:
The students will obtain the necessary background for a deeper study of the subjects.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding.
The course aims to provide the knowledge required for understanding: (i) the specific characteristics of mobile apps compared to desktop apps; (ii) the main design patterns for mobile apps; (iii) the main security issues; (iv) the use of the main backend cloud services for mobile applications; (v) methods for designing and developing simple backend services deployed in the cloud; (vi) the classification of cloud service models

Applying knowledge and understanding.
The student must be able to design, develop and test native applications for android operating systems that interact with cloud services using the main official development, test and design tools. The student must also be able to design/develop and test their simple services deployed on cloud platforms, supporting mobile applications

Making judgments.
Based on the skills acquired, the student must be able to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the different technologies for developing apps (native applications, hybrid and web based), evaluate / choose optimally and critically the cloud support functions for the operation of mobile applications; to judge the feasibility, complexity and implications of new possible applications, also indicated by third parties. It will also have to be able to keep updated on the basis of possible future technologies related to mobile apps or cloud services.

Communication skills.
The student must be able to motivate the technological, methodological and architectural choices for new applications to other people in the sector, as well as to present, even to non-expert people, the functioning and characteristics of possible new applications.

Learning skills.
Practical exercises will be carried out on the various topics covered and will be requested to critically use information available for specific problems on various discussion platforms (e.g. Stack Overflow, official sites, blogs, etc.).

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course deals with the evaluation of cyber risks that can damage an enterprise information system, the methodologies to mitigate these risks and the necessary countermeasures to be applied with the aim of making the company or public institution secure from the IT point of view.

Specific objectives
The course deals with the relationships between the operating mechanisms of information systems and computer networks and the computer threats to which they may be subject, the mechanisms for identifying and opposing attacks and their implementation through the application of specific countermeasures to reduce cyber risk. Particular attention is paid to the practical application of the notions learned through the analysis of case studies and exercises. The basic reference for the Risk Management course is the ISO 27005 standard, complemented by the NIST SP 800-30 framework.

Knowledge and understanding
Analyze the most common and dangerous threats, relating them to the vulnerabilities of systems and networks on which threats can have an impact. Assess the business risks associated with this impact and recommend the implementation of appropriate countermeasures; alternatively, suggest criteria for accepting the risks identified. Explain the basic mechanisms used to identify intrusion attempts into computers and networks. Determine and establish continuous improvement processes.

Application of knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, students will be able to identify and assess the risks that can affect the functioning and security of an information system and their impacts. Based on the risk analysis and management methodologies learned in the course, the students will develop the ability to identify and select the appropriate countermeasures to protect the information system, from a technical, administrative, and cost point of view, determining the best governance profile of the security process.

Judgment skills
Students will develop the analytical skills necessary to evaluate different alternatives during the process of identifying the security risks of an Information System, with particular reference to the assessment of the architectural choices and the risks that they may involve and the security objectives imposed on the system in relation to the level of sensitivity of the information it manages.

Communicative skills
Students will learn how to document their choices, including through the use of automated reporting tools. They will also have acquired the ability to prepare presentations on topics related to risk management.

Ability to continue learning in an autonomous way
The notions acquired during the course will provide students with a basic knowledge in order to further deepen the more technical aspects, and to keep themselves informed about the continuous developments and updates of the assessment of cybersecurity risks of systems and networks.

Educational objectives

General goals:
Blockchains emerged as a novel, game-changing paradigm for the distributed management of transactional systems. A blockchain is a protocol for the management of distributed ledgers, that is for the decentralised storage of a tamper-proof sequence of transactions (ledger), maintained and verified by the nodes participating in the network. A combination of peer-to-peer networks, consensus-making, cryptography, and market mechanisms is at the core of blockchains, which ensure data integrity and transparency thereby. An increasing number of blockchain platforms provides support for so-called smart contracts, that is, executable code expressing how business is to be conducted among contracting parties (e.g., transfer digital assets after a condition is fulfilled). The design of a secure, verifiable and efficient blockchain-based application requires the capability of properly architecting the behavioural structures amid the involved parties. The course covers in details the principles and technologies underpinning blockchain platforms and the properties they guarantee, on one hand, and is aimed at providing the means for the creation and analysis of blockchain-based solutions and applications, on the other hand.

Specific goals:
The course revolves around four main topics: 1) fundamentals of blockchains and distributed ledger technologies; 2) smart contracts programming; 3) development of a full-stack blockchain-based application; 4) assessment and analysis of a blockchain-based application.

Knowledge and understanding:
Students will learn the basics of blockchain technologies and the interplay of the underlying techniques that lead to the immutability, persistency, security and eventual consistency of the blockchain platforms. Furthermore, they will learn how to encode smart contracts and, thereupon, create full-stack Decentralised Applications (DApps). To properly design DApps and the token systems they rely upon, learners will apply the principles of process behaviour modelling and execution. To that end, an overview of cybersecurity challenges, as well as legal and privacy aspects, will also be provided.

Application of knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course, students will have gained a better understanding of the fundamental pillars of distributed ledger technologies and blockchains. Also, they will have the ability to design and implement blockchain-based systems. Furthermore, they will produce reports in a manner that provides the most value to the stakeholders of decentralised applications.

Critical and judgmental skills:
Learners will develop the ability to assess the quality of decentralized applications and blockchain-based solutions at large from the perspectives of reliability, behavioural soundness, execution cost, on-chain and off-chain load balance, applicability, cybersecurity, and privacy.

Communication skills:
Students will learn how to document their choices, including through the use of diagramming and reporting tools. They will also have acquired the ability to prepare presentations on scientific subjects.

Learning ability:
The notions acquired during the course will provide students with solid knowledge in order to further investigate the most advanced technical aspects and to keep themselves informed about the continuous developments and updates of blockchain and distributed ledger technologies.

Educational objectives

The goal of the course is to teach students how to apply machine learning (including deep learning) techniques in cybersecurity, and understand their vulnerabilities in adversarial settings.
Specific Objectives
The students will learn formally and practically how machine learning models work, their applications to cybersecurity problems, their vulnerabilities, existing attacks and mitigation techniques.
Knowledge and Understanding
- knowledge and understanding of the mathematical foundations behind modern machine-learning techniques
- knowledge and understanding of the vulnerability of modern machine-learning techniques to adversarial attacks
- knowledge and understanding of state-of-the-art mitigation techniques against these attacks
- knowledge and understanding of various applications of machine learning to cybersecurity problems
Autonomy of Judgement
The students will be able to assess the security of machine-learning applications and to evaluate possible failure modes and vulnerabilities to adversarial attacks
Students will be able to describe the security and appropriateness of machine learning applications, and appropriately present and discuss potential failure modes
Next Study Abilities
Students will be prepared to understand more complex machine-learning models and techniques, and will be equipped with the necessary knowledge to pursue open research problems in the areas of machine learning and cybersecurity

Educational objectives

"General goals:
The course aims at equipping students with the foundational concepts of quantum computing that will enable learners to purse further studies or taking up jobs in the quantum IT industry.
Specific goals:
This course has four specific goals:
1. to introduce the mathematical foundations of quantum computing that are necessary to understand the counter-intuitive features of quantum algorithms;
2. to present the fundamental notions of quantum computing;
3. to introduce several non-trivial quantum algorithms and quantum communication protocols, and analyze their behavior;
4. to show how simple quantum algorithms and protocols can be implemented and run on a simulator or a on quantum computer.
Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course, students should be aware of and fully understand the main differences between classical and quantum computers, the quantum circuit and bra-ket formalisms, and the main quantum algorithms (Grover’s, Shor’s, HHL, etc.) and protocols (e.g., BB84 and teleportation). In addition, students should be aware of the different technologies for quantum hardware implementation.
Applying knowledge and understanding:
Students will be able to use the theoretical notions presented in class for developing and/or implementing quantum solutions to problems. The computer practicals will give students hands-on experience with quantum circuits run on simulators or quantum computers, to reinforce the theoretical concepts delivered in the lectures. In addition, students will be able to deepen their studies independently by consulting other material on the subject, including the scientific literature.
Critical and judgmental abilities:
Students will refine these skills through regular problem-solving tasks to do at home. The acquired knowledge and skills will enable students to critically select or adapt existing quantum approaches for solving the problem at hand, or to develop new quantum techniques as necessary. Students will be able to evaluate efficiency and identify pros and cons of their quantum solutions.
Communication skills:
Students will be stimulated to collaborate with their peers through developing, documenting and solving the homework assignments.
Learning ability:
The course will equip students with the necessary technical background to study at doctoral (PhD) level both relevant topics in cognate fields such as quantum communication and quantum simulation, and specific aspects of quantum computing."

Educational objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The course aims to provide students with a comprehensive overview of the security and privacy challenges in smart systems, including cyber-physical systems, smart homes, smart cities, and intelligent transportation systems. With the integration of sensors, actuators, connectivity, and AI-based automation, smart systems expose sensitive data and critical infrastructure to a wide range of threats. The course introduces principles, technologies, and methodologies to design secure and privacy-preserving smart environments. It also explores the socio-technical aspects of deploying such systems in real-world contexts.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Knowledge and Understanding: Students will gain an understanding of the architectural and functional aspects of smart systems and the related security and privacy implications.

Apply Knowledge and Understanding: Students will be able to analyze smart system scenarios, identify vulnerabilities, and apply relevant protection techniques.

Critical and Judgment Skills: Students will develop critical thinking on the design trade-offs between functionality, usability, security, and privacy in smart environments.

Communication Skills: Through class discussions and project presentations, students will enhance their ability to communicate technical concepts clearly and effectively.

Learning Ability: The course fosters autonomous learning and problem-solving skills through the analysis of case studies and hands-on projects.