Medicine and Surgery

Epidemiological Methodology Epidemiology, clinical medicine, and public health. Approach and evolution of epidemiology. Etiological and evaluative epidemiology. Epidemics in ancient times and the modern era. Methods for studying and containing epidemic outbreaks. Measures of disease frequency. Concept of risk. Measures of effect. Impact measures. Causality in epidemiology. Random and systematic errors. Confounding and interaction. Classification of epidemiological studies. Characteristics, conduct, analytical methods, and critical evaluation of main analytical and descriptive studies. Evaluation of diagnostic tests. Epidemiology and Prevention of Infectious Diseases Health protection and promotion. Determinants of health and disease. Evidence-based prevention and levels of prevention. Prevention professionals, structures of the National Health Service (SSN), and operational tools. Host-parasite relationships, sources and reservoirs of infection, routes of pathogen entry and release, modes of transmission. Notification, quarantine measures, diagnostic confirmation. Sterilization, disinfection, pest control. Vaccinoprophylaxis, types of vaccines, vaccination schedules for newborns and adults (worker categories, international travelers). Passive immunoprophylaxis, chemoprophylaxis. Epidemiology and prevention of airborne, parenteral, sexual, fecal-oral, vertical transmission, vector-borne diseases, and zoonoses. Epidemiology and prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), with notes on hospital hygiene. Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Degenerative Diseases and Addictions Prevention methodologies for chronic degenerative diseases (atherosclerosis and ischemic coronary heart disease, malignant tumors, most common degenerative and metabolic diseases, alcoholism, major and minor drug addictions, and smoking) and screening tests. Screening campaigns. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Environment and Health Risk factors related to environmental pollution. Air and atmospheric pollution: origin, types, epidemiological significance, prevention methods. Health and ecological effects caused by pollution, health risk assessment, environmental and biological monitoring of pollutant exposure. Confined environments: microclimate, indoor pollution, noise, and vibrations. Water: needs, supply, pollution possibilities, potability criteria, correction of adverse characteristics. Wastewater and solid waste: removal and disposal. Main relevant regulations. Food Hygiene Food as a vehicle for physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological hazards: risk of foodborne diseases. Ecological parameters for microorganism survival and growth, preservation methods, microbiological and physicochemical food control methods: adulterations, sophistication, counterfeiting, food additives. Main relevant regulations. Health Education One-way and two-way communication of health-related informational and educational messages. Health education as a tool for health promotion. Methodologies for planning and implementing health education interventions. Health education interventions in the general population, communities, healthcare facilities, schools, and workplaces.

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