Medicine and Surgery

General General principles and applications of clinical biochemistry and clinical molecular biology. Description and use of the main clinical biochemistry laboratory tests and their use in the corresponding diagnostic and therapeutic pathways. Description and use of the main clinical molecular biology laboratory tests and examples of use in the diagnosis of the most frequent genetic diseases. Specific subjects Main analytical methods of molecular biology: in vitro enzymatic amplification (PCR), direct hybridization, reverse hybridization, DNA sequencing, MLPA, principles of next generation sequencing. Iron, protoporphyrin and globines: pathophysiology, clinical biochemistry and main methods of laboratory study. Anemias, classification and laboratory diagnostics. Iron deficiency anemia, porphyria, thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies. Hemochromocytometric examination: operative principles, examples of equipment, main parameters related to erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Examples of alterations of the hemochromocytometric examination. Relationship between anemia and parameters of the hemochromocytometric test. Haem catabolites. Bilirubin, bilinogens and jaundices: metabolism and laboratory diagnostics. Principles of genomics, trascrittomics and proteomics. Laboratory diagnostics of genetic tumor markers. Meaning and interpretative limits.

Basic knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, cellular biology and physiology. Knowledge of topics of laboratory medicine previously treated.

Ciaccio, Lippi. Biochimica Clinica e Medicina di Laboratorio. Edizioni Edises. None in English.

Theoretical and applicative frontal lessons.

According to students' catalogue.

Multiple choice tests Oral examination

Material uploaded on e-learning.

Theoretical and applicative frontal lessons.

Electrophoretic separation of serum proteins: theoretical aspects and clinical implications. Plasmaproteins, general criteria. Acute phase proteins How plasma proteins are studied: Total serum proteins; Separation of serum proteins; Electrophoresis (electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, electroendosmosis):Solid phase electrophoresis; Capillary electrophoresis. The electrophoresis report. The electrophoretic path (description of the main proteins separated electrophoretically and clinical indications at their request): prealbumin, albumin (analbuminemia and bis-albuminemia), alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency) and other alpha1 globulins, alpha2-macroglobulin and haptoglobin, transferrin and deficient carbohydrate transferrin, complement C3 fraction, gamma globulin. Conditions associated with specific alterations of the electrophoretic pattern: Acute and chronic hepatopathies; Nephrotic syndrome; Acute phase reaction. Immunochemical characterization of Monoclonal Gammopathies; Poly and monoclonal gammopathies. Clinical conditions associated with the presence of monoclonal immunoglobulin (CM) in serum and / or urine. Identify, Quantify, Characterize and Follow in Time One CM. Immunofixation and immunosottration. False monoclonal components. Bence Jones Proteinuria. Multiple myeloma of light chains (micromolecular). K / L ratio and dosing of free light chains (FLC). The laboratory in Myeloma. Laboratory investigations for the study of renal function. The kidney, endocrine functions. The kidney, regulation of hydro-electrolytic exchange: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, ADH and natriuretic peptides. Plasma and urinary osmolarity and osmolality, measured and calculated. The kidney, regulation of acid-base balance: Renal-regulated buffer systems: Bicarbonate and Phosphate buffer; Ion ammonium. The kidney, excretory function of the kidney and management of the metabolism products. Blood chemistry tests for the evaluation of renal function: Non-protein nitrogen: Azotemia and Creatinine. Concept of clearance, evaluation of the glomerular filtrate measured and calculated with the aid of formulas. Complementary examinations to the study of renal function: Hemochromocytometric examination; Electrophoresis of serum proteins; Urine protein electrophoresis. The urine test: organoleptic test, chemical-physical test, microscopic analysis of the urinary sediment. Clinical meaning of the urine test report and of the elements found during the microscopic examination of the sediment.

Before attending the lessons of the course, students must have acquired a solid basic knowledge of Statistics, Chemistry, Biochemistry and Microbiology. He must also know the rudiments of the main laboratory methods applicable to the qualitative and quantitative study of the constituents of biological matrices and those of the biological processes that represent the basis of knowledge in medicine. Furthermore, in particular for the lessons of the second semester, students must have acquired fundamental knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, General Pathology and Pathophysiology.

Ciaccio. Trattatato di Biochimica Clinica e Medicina di Laboratorio. Edizioni Edises.

Lesson in presence or in telematic mode on Zoom platform. Projection and commentary of power point file concerning specific topics indicated in the program of exam.

Students must have attended at least 66% of the lessons of the Course

Oral exam with questions on topics listed in the exam program, possible a written test on the topics of the program through quizzes with multiple choice answers. The written test aims to evaluate the student's preparation on the entire exam program in a "punctual" way; the oral test, always present, intends to evaluate in depth the student's knowledge on some topics of the program, at the same time the language properties in explaining topics and the way in which the exposure is organized will be evaluated.

Ciaccio, Lippi. Biochimica Clinica e Medicina di Laboratorio. Edizioni Edises.

Lesson in presence or in telematic mode on Zoom platform. Projection and commentary of power point file concerning specific topics indicated in the program of exam.