Sciences and Teaching of Natural Systems

Educational objectives

Expected learning outcomes

Understanding the most important evolutionary steps of the vertebrate commnuities in the framework of the natural history of the Earth.

Dublin Descriptors

Educational objectives

Expected learning outcomes
Disciplinary introduction to environmental psychology, its main concepts and methods, as well as some research and application examples, with reference to interdisciplinary collaboration too.
The student will have to learn how to identify and analyze the peculiar characteristics of the relationships and transactions which are created among persons and places; s/he will also have knowledge of some of the main methodologies to be used in the study of the relationships among persons and places, with either scientific or applied aims.
After the course's end, the student will be able to master the essential concepts regarding the relationships among the main psychological processes and several spatial-physical aspects of the life environments or places.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, students will be familiar with fundamental topics and issues in the field of mathematics education. They will have acquired some basic knowledge of the role of the main theoretical tools that research in mathematics education offers future teachers for the design and analysis of teaching practice. They will be familiar with dynamic geometry software and know how to use it in teaching.
Apply knowledge and understanding: Students will be able to compare different approaches to teaching mathematics and identify the most appropriate approaches for the different teaching-learning contexts in which future teachers may find themselves working. They will be able to apply the teaching and pedagogical knowledge developed during the course in the design of teaching materials and activities aimed at implementing approaches focused on the co-construction of knowledge, also with the support of digital tools.
Critical and judgemental skills: Students will have developed an approach to teaching mathematics based on critical reflection on practice, shared within working groups. They will be able to critically address issues in mathematics education based on reflection on the mathematical contents covered in the course. They will be able to discuss the role of softwares in mathematics teaching.
Communication skills: Students will be able to present the content in oral exams and explain what they have learned to others.
Learning skills: Students will be able to independently analyse research articles on mathematics teaching with the aim of identifying ideas for lesson planning. They will be able to develop meta-reflections on their own and others' approaches to new mathematical contents and issues related to mathematics teaching. They will be motivated to explore scientific topics and those specific to educational design and to take a critical approach to the teaching materials and various sources of information available to them in their professional career.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide general frameworks on reflection on environmental ethics, safeguarding the biosphere, rights of future generations, historical and cultural roots of environmentalist thinking, exploitation of natural resources and environmental sustainability.
The purpose of the course is to stimulate the students' attention on the ethical implications determined by the numerous environmental urgencies that deeply mark social relationships in today's world.

Educational objectives

The course is aimed at acquiring knowledge related to: plant communities in their structure, composition, functionality and dynamics at different spatial scales, from local to global; vegetation analysis methods; relationships between vegetation and environment; distribution models of plant species; vegetation dynamics; vegetation science and land management; main types of vegetation in Italy.

Information will also be provided on how to apply this knowledge to territorial planning and the design of specific interventions oriented towards aspects of sustainability, biodiversity conservation, landscape enhancement and land protection.

The course will prepare for the critical analysis of reporting and planning documents drawn up by institutions and professionals in the environmental sector with a view to multifunctionality, with particular attention to the sustainable management of natural resources.

The course will prepare for communication and collaboration with professionals in the environmental sector and a broad spectrum of stakeholders also thanks to the acquisition of a specific language and updated data in the sector.

Finally, students will be suggested an analysis approach and specific data sources related to natural and semi-natural environments that will allow them autonomy in their educational and professional path.

Educational objectives

Through a detailed examination of the fossil record, combined with paleoenvironmental data, prehistoric archaeology, paleogenetics and paleogenomics, the course provides the knowledge needed to understand the complex "bush" of human evolution and the dynamics underlying the fossil evidence. The student will acquire the skills needed for a critical evaluation of the information framework, in order to understand human evolution in the paleoecological context between the Miocene and the Pleistocene, knowing how to critically examine the proposed interpretative models.

Educational objectives

Objectivies
Basic knowledge of microfossils and their applications in paleoenvironmental and
paleoclimatic fields. Identification of the most significant ecological groups of foraminifers.
Knowledge of the most common methods on the microfossils studies. Analysis for the
stratigraphical, paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions.

Learning outcomes:
Skills and Attributes: Successful students will be able to apply benthic and planktic
foraminifers as proxies for paleoclimatic and paleoecological reconstructions. At the end of
the course the average student will be able to do a micropaleontological analyses on
incoherent e coherent materials by mean of the most common ecological foraminiferal
groups, and to reconstruct a paleoclimatic curve. They will be able to do a n
environmental characterization and to apply the biomonitoring methods.

Educational objectives

Educational goals:
The course aims to provide students with some basic elements for the full understanding of the concept of risk in the strictest sense of the term, offering an overview of the most relevant geological risk types, useful also for teaching of geology. Given the introductory level of the course in the training course will be provided theoretical basis of arguments not necessarily faced by students in previous courses. Particular attention will be paid to the specific role that the Earth sciences play in all phases of risk analysis: the definition of hazard levels at the choice of the most suitable techniques and methods for the implementation of prevention policies and protection from the effects of natural events of high intensity

Learning ouctomes:
At the end of the course the students will acquire basic knowledge on the dynamics of natural events that most commonly involve risk conditions (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, subsidence). Students will also approach the topic of risk analysis in a simple but rigorous, fully understanding the concept of dangerousness, more closely related aspect "geological" that contributes to the definition of risk. Students will also be provided a comprehensive overview on the applications of geology in the phases of definition of the levels of risk and implementation of actions aimed at mitigating

Educational objectives

General skills
The course focuses on some of the themes dealt with in the Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates. The Vertebrates will be treated from the point of view of phylogenetic systematics, with particular regard to the adaptive aspects that have characterized the most important stages of its evolution.
In particular, will be presented the most recent research investigating the evolutionary history of vertebrates based on the discovery of new fossils, on molecular phylogeny, and on the relationship between evolution and development.
The course deals mainly with macro-evolutionary topics, but there are numerous examples of intraspecific evolution (microevolution) that concern modifications of anatomical structures of such entity that they can be compared to those that occur during macroevolution.

Educational objectives

Chemometrics is the branch of chemistry that uses mathematics and statistics to extract useful information from experimental data.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the different types of volcanic activity and volcanic hazard assessment, ability to critically review the scientific volcanological literature, with particular reference to petrological, geochronological and thephrostratigraphical data, applied to volcanic hazard assessment. Ability to interpret geophysical and geochemical data from volcano monitoring networks. Acquisition of the skills needed to develop and plan actions aimed at mitigating volcanic disasters

Educational objectives

Objectives
Training objectives: the course intends to offer students a synthetic and integrated framework of geological storage techniques, and, in particular, the aspects of competence of geologists: characterization of the site and monitoring.
Loading results: knowledge acquired: the student will know what are the study procedures used in storage.

Educational objectives

Educational goals:
The aim of the course is also to provide the basic elements of knowledge for the acquisition, management and processing of data with the most modern techniques of remote sensing both for digital modeling of landforms and for the monitoring of deformation processes related to geomorphological instabilities.
The course aims to provide students with the knowledge about the basic principles of the terrain analysis and the latest, more advanced techniques for the quantitative analysis – at different spatio-tempral scales -of Earth Surface processes stating from DEMs at different resolution.

Learning ouctomes:
Students will also gain experience and skills related to the management, processing and interpretation of remote sensing data through exercises with specific software packages.
At the end of the course students will therefore be able, through the use of specific tools in GIS environment, to conduct the most advanced quantitative analyses of the Earth Surface processes.

Educational objectives

Successful students will have acquired basic knowledge on the coastal zone and will gain knowledge on the sea climate and morphological / morphodynamic characteristics of the coasts under to erosion.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical tools and practical skills to design, analyze, and manage complex communication processes, with particular attention to scientific dissemination and science education in transmedia contexts.

Educational objectives

Expected learning outcomes

Ability to manage and develop a natural museum

Skills to be developed and expected learning outcomes

Educational goals:
the course aims to provide students with the basic knowledge of naturalistic museology.

Learning outcomes
- Acquired knowledge: Successful students will acquire basic elements to organize the naturalistic collections, a naturalistic database, the restoration of finds, and the exhibition areas. Furthermore, Italian current legislation on naturalistic goods will be learned

- Acquired skills: students who have passed the exam will be able, applying what has been studied, to operate both in the field of scientific dissemination and in the museum (designing and managing naturalistic museums, geosites and exhibitions).

Educational objectives

To foster basic knowledge on: distribution of terrestrial and freshwater animal taxa, including their
historical causes and dynamic processes, chiefly those which shaped our present-day faunas;
concept of geographical range, endemism, insular biogeography, and PAE;
geographic delimitation, structure and main distinctive traits of the recognized Zoogeographic
Regions, Realms, and Transitional Zones; use of principles and methods of the modern
zoogeography in the fields of the applied zoology and of the Conservation Biology.

Educational objectives

Developing competencesandlearning outcomes

Educational goals:
The student is provided the theoretical basis and the tools (also information) for the interpretation of the main geophysical methods for the study of the seabed. Are also treated the sampling methods and means for the acquisition of data at sea.
Learning ouctomes:
Knowledge of the principles for geophysical prospecting of marine geology
Knowledge of instrumentation and sampling techniques of the fund and subsoil
Ability to design campaigns for relief on the basis of scientific objectives
Knowledge of the principles of seismic data processing and sonar
Ability to interpret geophysical data and sampling of the seabed

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of marine environments,
ranging from oceanic ridges to coastal shorelines. It covers the sedimentary processes
characteristic of different marine settings and the key factors that influence them.
Additionally, the course explores offshore applications, including service-related studies, the
assessment of marine geohazards, environmental investigations, and geological mapping of
marine areas.

Educational objectives

General objectives
At the end of the course the student will have acquired a descriptive knowledge of patterns of marine biodiversity at the global and regional scale (with a focus on the Mediterranean). The student will also be able to describe the traditional and modern methods of study of the biodiversity. Furthermore, the student will define the theoretical and methodological principles of the modern biological systematics., being able to use and apply (especially after the lab practices) the methods of phylogenetic inference. Finally, the student will be able to provide examples of building modern biological classifications.

Specific objectives
Knowledge and understanding:
The student will acquire the knowledge of the quantitative and spatial patterns and of the dynamics of the marine biodiversity, as well as of the traditional and modern methods of study; will understand how and to what extent the knowledge on patterns and dynamics on biodiversity (especially marine) are relevant to EcoBiology, and how an evolutionary framework is the only possible one.

Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
The student will acquire the skills to use methods to estimate and analyse biodiversity, to make phylogenetic inferences, and to use the critical tools for the selection of the best fit methods to different case-studies.

Critical and judgmental capacities:
During the laboratory practices, the student will develop critical and judgmental skills by coping with potentially different dataset (morphological, genetical, molecular, geographic, ecological), having to design experimental protocols appropriate to test hypotheses.

Communication skills:
Students, especially during the laboratory practices, are encouraged to interact with each other and with the teachers to implement practical activities (observation, identification, analysis and critical comments of the experimental datasets; hypotheses to test; methods and models to use).

Learning skills:
The student will acquire the language of modern Systematic Biology, in terms of both taxonomic nomenclature and descriptive nomenclature of the experimental methods in the study of Biodiversity and in phylogenetic inference. These skills will make the student able to face future ecobiological studies, including experimental activities where a high level of methodological integration is required to the modern biologist.

Educational objectives

To provide basic knowledge on the biological implications of global change, from a macroecological perspective, a conservation perspective, and a sustainability perspective. To understand the effects of global change on biodiversity, and the links between environmental change, biodiversity loss, and risks to humanity. To interpret global change under a multi-scale lens, both temporally (past to future) and spatially (local to global).

Educational objectives

Objectives

To provide a general overview of the study of past vegetational landscapes and how they
have changed over time in relation to evolution, climate change and human activity. These
issues can be useful for environmental scientists, biologists, climatologists, ecologists, and
others. Applications can include tracking the pace of climatic change over time, studying
fire history, analyzing the long-term effects of land-use, or studying the dynamics of
forests.

Educational objectives

The course consists of two parts:
1. Ancient DNA - theory and study, discussion and oral presentation of recent case studies.
2. Ancient DNA - practice with visits to modern DNA laboratories in Sapienza and virtual visits to ancient DNA laboratories in Italy and other European countries.
OBJECTIVES and LEARNING OUTCOMES of the COURSE.
After completing the first part, students are expected to be able to:
- explain the peculiarities of ancient DNA and its importance in reconstructions of the past
- provide an overview of laboratory and genetic analysis methodologies used in the study of ancient material
- present basic theoretical knowledge of the evolutionary and ecological processes that occurred during the last ice age
- explain how environments have changed over the past 2.6 million years
- relate chronologically the events that occurred during the last 2.6 million years
- provide an overview of the processes that have changed environments over the past 2.6 million years
- contextualize the evolutionary processes that have occurred in plants and animals through a synthesis of knowledge from the different areas of research covered in the course.
After completing the second part, students are expected to be able to:
- explain how to extract DNA from ancient fossil specimens and sediments and perform analyses on ancient DNA
- explain the peculiarities of an ancient DNA laboratory versus a modern one and how to work in this environment.

Educational objectives

Learning objectives
Acquisition of cognitive skills related to biodiversity analysis in natural and agro-ecosystems aimed at the identification and enhancement of rural systems at different scales (local, regional, national and international).
Dublin descriptors
1. knowledge and understanding of agro-biodiversity and of its relationships with biodiversity at different levels of biological organisation (genetic, taxonomic, ecosystem, landscape);
2. ability to applicate knowledge and understanding for the collection, processing, analysis and interdisciplinary integration of vegetation knowledge aimed at the recognition, classification and enhancement of rural systems at different scales;
3. critical and judgmental skills developed through participation in seminar activities and in-depth study of scientific articles selected by the lecturer;
4. ability to communicate what has been learnt through collective activities of argumentation and discussion of the scientific studies proposed;
5. ability to study autonomously using the knowledge of the basic theoretical models for the ecological analysis of rural landscapes, the assessment of their state of conservation and their valorisation, as well as of the main institutional and scientific sources of the basic and updated data relating to conventions and sector strategies.

Educational objectives

The course introduces to general knowledge and updated data regarding the variability of human and non-human primates, with reference to ecology and evolution. The student will be able to understand and evaluate the adaptive dynamics of examined taxa in the specific environmental contexts, in relation to the geographical distribution and in a diachronic perspective. Skills in critical analysis and presentation will be developed in presenting one or more case-studies at the level of gender, species or population.
The student will acquire knowledge on the variability of human and non-human primates, with focus on ecological aspects, including adaptive dynamics in relation to geographical distribution and specific environmental contexts, also in a diachronic and evolutionary perspective

Educational objectives

General objectives - Main objective of the course is to allow the student to acquire advanced knowledge of environmental microbiology including the most modern molecular techniques and methodologies, for the study of microbial diversity and its effects in different natural environments.
In particular, in this module we will examine the different components of the microbial cell, and their role in mediating the interactions with the environment also for evolutionary purposes. We will also study the microbial diversity in relation to their environments.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course aims to develop knowledge and skills of the students on the main aspects of human biodiversity in an evolutionary framework, making them aware of the potential impact of such discipline for basic and biomedical research.
Specific objectives
To acquire a full "knowledge and understanding" of human biology and biodiversity, especially in the biomolecular aspects.
To develop the ability of "applying knowledge and understanding" with use of online resources and dedicated software that are currently used for genetic ad genomic analysis in human biodiversity studies.
To cultivate the capacity of "making judgements" through the discussion in the classroom of topics chosen during the lectures.
To promote “communication” skills through the presentation of a chosen topic at the end of the course.

Channels

Educational objectives

To provide an advanced understanding of the evolution and diversification of hexapods by examining the major extant and extinct evolutionary lineages through a comparative analysis of their morphological, functional, and ecological traits. The course highlights the importance of these insights for understanding the ecological roles of insects within natural ecosystems and their relevance to biological conservation. Students will also develop advanced skills in the integrative identification of taxa at various taxonomic levels, combining morphological and molecular approaches.

Educational objectives

Ability to analyze the cause / effect relationship between geomorphological processes and morphodynamics.
Knowledge and ability to observe and recognize the landforms and their genesis.
Ability to evaluate the intensity of erosion in fluvial basins and slopes.
Knowledge and ability to apply methods for geomorphological hazard assessment.
Ability to organize field survey and monitoring of landslides.
Capability of thematic maps compilation.

Educational objectives

The course is aimed at teaching the basics of the experimental method and the techniques of statistical analysis of experimental data. The course is divided into lectures and laboratory experiences in mechanics, thermodynamics and optics. Akey result of the course is to know the meaning and understand the importance of measuring a physical quantity and its uncertainty. To be able to carry out simple measurements of physical quantities and to present the results in graphical form. To know the concept of probability and statistical analysis of experimental data. The course includes complements of General Physics with the theory necessary to carry out the simple experiments in the laboratory. The experiments carried out also have a didactic value since they can be re-proposed as part of the didactic activities of secondary school.
During the course, the student will develop skills in the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of experimental results. Learning of experimental methods and techniques with a specific didactic focus.

Educational objectives

General aim:
To provide specialist knowledge on biological invasions as components of global changes

To know and to understand invasion processes and the role of biological invasions as a component of global change, including biodiversity loss and climate change.

To be able to apply the knowledge and skills learned on biological invasions

To be able to assess the risks of invasions and to formulate hypotheses on the tools to be used for their management

To be able to effectively communicate the acquired knowledge through oral presentations

Educational objectives

Developing competences and expected learning outcomes

Educational goals: Students will be able to analyze and use carbonate sequences for the reconstructions of environmental, oceanographic and climatic conditions starting first from outcrop analysis (measurements of stratigraphic sections, photos and facies mapping) and subsequently in the laboratory (microfacies analysis, analysis quantitative, correlation between stratigraphic sections, diagenetic analysis and isotope analysis).

Learning outcomes: Successful students will be able to select and select the most effective method of investigation for the study of carbonate sequences, and propose a reconstruction of environmental, oceanographic and climatic evolution.

Educational objectives

The purpose of the course is to provide the basic elements for
understanding the main dynamic mechanisms underlying ocean circulation,
both at the surface and at depth.

To achieve this goal, we will start by illustrating the main
hydrological features and their distribution in the global ocean, and
then move on to the basic processes of ocean dynamics; at the end, these
processes will be applied to the global ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Educational objectives

The course aims at obtaining knowledge on: forest ecosystems structure, composition, functions and
dynamics at different spatial scales, from local to global; indicators of sustainable forest management;
commonly applied forest management strategies and treatments with special reference to the European
context with examples at the national scale; forest planning tools from the European to the local scale;
goals and measures for European forest habitats.
The course will inform on how to apply the mentioned knowledge to forest planning and to the specific
projects aimed at forest sustainable management, biodiversity conservation, landscape enhancement and
land protection.
The course will allow students to critically analyse reports and plans created by institutions and
professionals of the forest sector in a multifunctionality perspective with special reference to sustainable
management of natural resources.
The course will prepare students to communicate and collaborate with forest sector practitioners and with
a wide range of stakeholders also thanks to the focus on specific terms and concepts as well as on updated
data relevant to the sector.
Finally, the students will be guided towards approaches and data sources relative to forest ecosystems that
will contribute to their degree of independence in their study and career path.

Educational objectives

Objectives
- Knowledge of the main geospatial analysis methods and tools: geographic information systems and remote sensing
- Application of geospatial technologies for biodiversity conservation through case studies including impact of climate change and biological invasions, risk of extinction, translocation, reintroduction and ecological restoration.

Educational objectives

Expected learning outcomes

Understanding the most important evolutionary steps of the vertebrate commnuities in the framework of the natural history of the Earth.

Dublin Descriptors

Educational objectives

Expected learning outcomes
Disciplinary introduction to environmental psychology, its main concepts and methods, as well as some research and application examples, with reference to interdisciplinary collaboration too.
The student will have to learn how to identify and analyze the peculiar characteristics of the relationships and transactions which are created among persons and places; s/he will also have knowledge of some of the main methodologies to be used in the study of the relationships among persons and places, with either scientific or applied aims.
After the course's end, the student will be able to master the essential concepts regarding the relationships among the main psychological processes and several spatial-physical aspects of the life environments or places.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, students will be familiar with fundamental topics and issues in the field of mathematics education. They will have acquired some basic knowledge of the role of the main theoretical tools that research in mathematics education offers future teachers for the design and analysis of teaching practice. They will be familiar with dynamic geometry software and know how to use it in teaching.
Apply knowledge and understanding: Students will be able to compare different approaches to teaching mathematics and identify the most appropriate approaches for the different teaching-learning contexts in which future teachers may find themselves working. They will be able to apply the teaching and pedagogical knowledge developed during the course in the design of teaching materials and activities aimed at implementing approaches focused on the co-construction of knowledge, also with the support of digital tools.
Critical and judgemental skills: Students will have developed an approach to teaching mathematics based on critical reflection on practice, shared within working groups. They will be able to critically address issues in mathematics education based on reflection on the mathematical contents covered in the course. They will be able to discuss the role of softwares in mathematics teaching.
Communication skills: Students will be able to present the content in oral exams and explain what they have learned to others.
Learning skills: Students will be able to independently analyse research articles on mathematics teaching with the aim of identifying ideas for lesson planning. They will be able to develop meta-reflections on their own and others' approaches to new mathematical contents and issues related to mathematics teaching. They will be motivated to explore scientific topics and those specific to educational design and to take a critical approach to the teaching materials and various sources of information available to them in their professional career.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide general frameworks on reflection on environmental ethics, safeguarding the biosphere, rights of future generations, historical and cultural roots of environmentalist thinking, exploitation of natural resources and environmental sustainability.
The purpose of the course is to stimulate the students' attention on the ethical implications determined by the numerous environmental urgencies that deeply mark social relationships in today's world.

Educational objectives

The course is aimed at acquiring knowledge related to: plant communities in their structure, composition, functionality and dynamics at different spatial scales, from local to global; vegetation analysis methods; relationships between vegetation and environment; distribution models of plant species; vegetation dynamics; vegetation science and land management; main types of vegetation in Italy.

Information will also be provided on how to apply this knowledge to territorial planning and the design of specific interventions oriented towards aspects of sustainability, biodiversity conservation, landscape enhancement and land protection.

The course will prepare for the critical analysis of reporting and planning documents drawn up by institutions and professionals in the environmental sector with a view to multifunctionality, with particular attention to the sustainable management of natural resources.

The course will prepare for communication and collaboration with professionals in the environmental sector and a broad spectrum of stakeholders also thanks to the acquisition of a specific language and updated data in the sector.

Finally, students will be suggested an analysis approach and specific data sources related to natural and semi-natural environments that will allow them autonomy in their educational and professional path.

Educational objectives

Through a detailed examination of the fossil record, combined with paleoenvironmental data, prehistoric archaeology, paleogenetics and paleogenomics, the course provides the knowledge needed to understand the complex "bush" of human evolution and the dynamics underlying the fossil evidence. The student will acquire the skills needed for a critical evaluation of the information framework, in order to understand human evolution in the paleoecological context between the Miocene and the Pleistocene, knowing how to critically examine the proposed interpretative models.

Educational objectives

Educational goals:
The course aims to provide students with some basic elements for the full understanding of the concept of risk in the strictest sense of the term, offering an overview of the most relevant geological risk types, useful also for teaching of geology. Given the introductory level of the course in the training course will be provided theoretical basis of arguments not necessarily faced by students in previous courses. Particular attention will be paid to the specific role that the Earth sciences play in all phases of risk analysis: the definition of hazard levels at the choice of the most suitable techniques and methods for the implementation of prevention policies and protection from the effects of natural events of high intensity

Learning ouctomes:
At the end of the course the students will acquire basic knowledge on the dynamics of natural events that most commonly involve risk conditions (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, subsidence). Students will also approach the topic of risk analysis in a simple but rigorous, fully understanding the concept of dangerousness, more closely related aspect "geological" that contributes to the definition of risk. Students will also be provided a comprehensive overview on the applications of geology in the phases of definition of the levels of risk and implementation of actions aimed at mitigating

Educational objectives

General skills
The course focuses on some of the themes dealt with in the Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates. The Vertebrates will be treated from the point of view of phylogenetic systematics, with particular regard to the adaptive aspects that have characterized the most important stages of its evolution.
In particular, will be presented the most recent research investigating the evolutionary history of vertebrates based on the discovery of new fossils, on molecular phylogeny, and on the relationship between evolution and development.
The course deals mainly with macro-evolutionary topics, but there are numerous examples of intraspecific evolution (microevolution) that concern modifications of anatomical structures of such entity that they can be compared to those that occur during macroevolution.

Educational objectives

Chemometrics is the branch of chemistry that uses mathematics and statistics to extract useful information from experimental data.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the different types of volcanic activity and volcanic hazard assessment, ability to critically review the scientific volcanological literature, with particular reference to petrological, geochronological and thephrostratigraphical data, applied to volcanic hazard assessment. Ability to interpret geophysical and geochemical data from volcano monitoring networks. Acquisition of the skills needed to develop and plan actions aimed at mitigating volcanic disasters

Educational objectives

Objectives
Training objectives: the course intends to offer students a synthetic and integrated framework of geological storage techniques, and, in particular, the aspects of competence of geologists: characterization of the site and monitoring.
Loading results: knowledge acquired: the student will know what are the study procedures used in storage.

Educational objectives

Educational goals:
The aim of the course is also to provide the basic elements of knowledge for the acquisition, management and processing of data with the most modern techniques of remote sensing both for digital modeling of landforms and for the monitoring of deformation processes related to geomorphological instabilities.
The course aims to provide students with the knowledge about the basic principles of the terrain analysis and the latest, more advanced techniques for the quantitative analysis – at different spatio-tempral scales -of Earth Surface processes stating from DEMs at different resolution.

Learning ouctomes:
Students will also gain experience and skills related to the management, processing and interpretation of remote sensing data through exercises with specific software packages.
At the end of the course students will therefore be able, through the use of specific tools in GIS environment, to conduct the most advanced quantitative analyses of the Earth Surface processes.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical tools and practical skills to design, analyze, and manage complex communication processes, with particular attention to scientific dissemination and science education in transmedia contexts.

Educational objectives

Successful students will have acquired basic knowledge on the coastal zone and will gain knowledge on the sea climate and morphological / morphodynamic characteristics of the coasts under to erosion.

Educational objectives

Expected learning outcomes

Ability to manage and develop a natural museum

Skills to be developed and expected learning outcomes

Educational goals:
the course aims to provide students with the basic knowledge of naturalistic museology.

Learning outcomes
- Acquired knowledge: Successful students will acquire basic elements to organize the naturalistic collections, a naturalistic database, the restoration of finds, and the exhibition areas. Furthermore, Italian current legislation on naturalistic goods will be learned

- Acquired skills: students who have passed the exam will be able, applying what has been studied, to operate both in the field of scientific dissemination and in the museum (designing and managing naturalistic museums, geosites and exhibitions).

Educational objectives

Developing competencesandlearning outcomes

Educational goals:
The student is provided the theoretical basis and the tools (also information) for the interpretation of the main geophysical methods for the study of the seabed. Are also treated the sampling methods and means for the acquisition of data at sea.
Learning ouctomes:
Knowledge of the principles for geophysical prospecting of marine geology
Knowledge of instrumentation and sampling techniques of the fund and subsoil
Ability to design campaigns for relief on the basis of scientific objectives
Knowledge of the principles of seismic data processing and sonar
Ability to interpret geophysical data and sampling of the seabed

Educational objectives

General objectives
At the end of the course the student will have acquired a descriptive knowledge of patterns of marine biodiversity at the global and regional scale (with a focus on the Mediterranean). The student will also be able to describe the traditional and modern methods of study of the biodiversity. Furthermore, the student will define the theoretical and methodological principles of the modern biological systematics., being able to use and apply (especially after the lab practices) the methods of phylogenetic inference. Finally, the student will be able to provide examples of building modern biological classifications.

Specific objectives
Knowledge and understanding:
The student will acquire the knowledge of the quantitative and spatial patterns and of the dynamics of the marine biodiversity, as well as of the traditional and modern methods of study; will understand how and to what extent the knowledge on patterns and dynamics on biodiversity (especially marine) are relevant to EcoBiology, and how an evolutionary framework is the only possible one.

Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
The student will acquire the skills to use methods to estimate and analyse biodiversity, to make phylogenetic inferences, and to use the critical tools for the selection of the best fit methods to different case-studies.

Critical and judgmental capacities:
During the laboratory practices, the student will develop critical and judgmental skills by coping with potentially different dataset (morphological, genetical, molecular, geographic, ecological), having to design experimental protocols appropriate to test hypotheses.

Communication skills:
Students, especially during the laboratory practices, are encouraged to interact with each other and with the teachers to implement practical activities (observation, identification, analysis and critical comments of the experimental datasets; hypotheses to test; methods and models to use).

Learning skills:
The student will acquire the language of modern Systematic Biology, in terms of both taxonomic nomenclature and descriptive nomenclature of the experimental methods in the study of Biodiversity and in phylogenetic inference. These skills will make the student able to face future ecobiological studies, including experimental activities where a high level of methodological integration is required to the modern biologist.

Educational objectives

The course consists of two parts:
1. Ancient DNA - theory and study, discussion and oral presentation of recent case studies.
2. Ancient DNA - practice with visits to modern DNA laboratories in Sapienza and virtual visits to ancient DNA laboratories in Italy and other European countries.
OBJECTIVES and LEARNING OUTCOMES of the COURSE.
After completing the first part, students are expected to be able to:
- explain the peculiarities of ancient DNA and its importance in reconstructions of the past
- provide an overview of laboratory and genetic analysis methodologies used in the study of ancient material
- present basic theoretical knowledge of the evolutionary and ecological processes that occurred during the last ice age
- explain how environments have changed over the past 2.6 million years
- relate chronologically the events that occurred during the last 2.6 million years
- provide an overview of the processes that have changed environments over the past 2.6 million years
- contextualize the evolutionary processes that have occurred in plants and animals through a synthesis of knowledge from the different areas of research covered in the course.
After completing the second part, students are expected to be able to:
- explain how to extract DNA from ancient fossil specimens and sediments and perform analyses on ancient DNA
- explain the peculiarities of an ancient DNA laboratory versus a modern one and how to work in this environment.

Educational objectives

Learning objectives
Acquisition of cognitive skills related to biodiversity analysis in natural and agro-ecosystems aimed at the identification and enhancement of rural systems at different scales (local, regional, national and international).
Dublin descriptors
1. knowledge and understanding of agro-biodiversity and of its relationships with biodiversity at different levels of biological organisation (genetic, taxonomic, ecosystem, landscape);
2. ability to applicate knowledge and understanding for the collection, processing, analysis and interdisciplinary integration of vegetation knowledge aimed at the recognition, classification and enhancement of rural systems at different scales;
3. critical and judgmental skills developed through participation in seminar activities and in-depth study of scientific articles selected by the lecturer;
4. ability to communicate what has been learnt through collective activities of argumentation and discussion of the scientific studies proposed;
5. ability to study autonomously using the knowledge of the basic theoretical models for the ecological analysis of rural landscapes, the assessment of their state of conservation and their valorisation, as well as of the main institutional and scientific sources of the basic and updated data relating to conventions and sector strategies.

Educational objectives

The course introduces to general knowledge and updated data regarding the variability of human and non-human primates, with reference to ecology and evolution. The student will be able to understand and evaluate the adaptive dynamics of examined taxa in the specific environmental contexts, in relation to the geographical distribution and in a diachronic perspective. Skills in critical analysis and presentation will be developed in presenting one or more case-studies at the level of gender, species or population.
The student will acquire knowledge on the variability of human and non-human primates, with focus on ecological aspects, including adaptive dynamics in relation to geographical distribution and specific environmental contexts, also in a diachronic and evolutionary perspective

Educational objectives

General objectives - Main objective of the course is to allow the student to acquire advanced knowledge of environmental microbiology including the most modern molecular techniques and methodologies, for the study of microbial diversity and its effects in different natural environments.
In particular, in this module we will examine the different components of the microbial cell, and their role in mediating the interactions with the environment also for evolutionary purposes. We will also study the microbial diversity in relation to their environments.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course aims to develop knowledge and skills of the students on the main aspects of human biodiversity in an evolutionary framework, making them aware of the potential impact of such discipline for basic and biomedical research.
Specific objectives
To acquire a full "knowledge and understanding" of human biology and biodiversity, especially in the biomolecular aspects.
To develop the ability of "applying knowledge and understanding" with use of online resources and dedicated software that are currently used for genetic ad genomic analysis in human biodiversity studies.
To cultivate the capacity of "making judgements" through the discussion in the classroom of topics chosen during the lectures.
To promote “communication” skills through the presentation of a chosen topic at the end of the course.

Channels

Educational objectives

To provide an advanced understanding of the evolution and diversification of hexapods by examining the major extant and extinct evolutionary lineages through a comparative analysis of their morphological, functional, and ecological traits. The course highlights the importance of these insights for understanding the ecological roles of insects within natural ecosystems and their relevance to biological conservation. Students will also develop advanced skills in the integrative identification of taxa at various taxonomic levels, combining morphological and molecular approaches.

Educational objectives

Ability to analyze the cause / effect relationship between geomorphological processes and morphodynamics.
Knowledge and ability to observe and recognize the landforms and their genesis.
Ability to evaluate the intensity of erosion in fluvial basins and slopes.
Knowledge and ability to apply methods for geomorphological hazard assessment.
Ability to organize field survey and monitoring of landslides.
Capability of thematic maps compilation.

Educational objectives

The course is aimed at teaching the basics of the experimental method and the techniques of statistical analysis of experimental data. The course is divided into lectures and laboratory experiences in mechanics, thermodynamics and optics. Akey result of the course is to know the meaning and understand the importance of measuring a physical quantity and its uncertainty. To be able to carry out simple measurements of physical quantities and to present the results in graphical form. To know the concept of probability and statistical analysis of experimental data. The course includes complements of General Physics with the theory necessary to carry out the simple experiments in the laboratory. The experiments carried out also have a didactic value since they can be re-proposed as part of the didactic activities of secondary school.
During the course, the student will develop skills in the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of experimental results. Learning of experimental methods and techniques with a specific didactic focus.

Educational objectives

General aim:
To provide specialist knowledge on biological invasions as components of global changes

To know and to understand invasion processes and the role of biological invasions as a component of global change, including biodiversity loss and climate change.

To be able to apply the knowledge and skills learned on biological invasions

To be able to assess the risks of invasions and to formulate hypotheses on the tools to be used for their management

To be able to effectively communicate the acquired knowledge through oral presentations

Educational objectives

The course aims at obtaining knowledge on: forest ecosystems structure, composition, functions and
dynamics at different spatial scales, from local to global; indicators of sustainable forest management;
commonly applied forest management strategies and treatments with special reference to the European
context with examples at the national scale; forest planning tools from the European to the local scale;
goals and measures for European forest habitats.
The course will inform on how to apply the mentioned knowledge to forest planning and to the specific
projects aimed at forest sustainable management, biodiversity conservation, landscape enhancement and
land protection.
The course will allow students to critically analyse reports and plans created by institutions and
professionals of the forest sector in a multifunctionality perspective with special reference to sustainable
management of natural resources.
The course will prepare students to communicate and collaborate with forest sector practitioners and with
a wide range of stakeholders also thanks to the focus on specific terms and concepts as well as on updated
data relevant to the sector.
Finally, the students will be guided towards approaches and data sources relative to forest ecosystems that
will contribute to their degree of independence in their study and career path.

Educational objectives

Developing competences and expected learning outcomes

Educational goals: Students will be able to analyze and use carbonate sequences for the reconstructions of environmental, oceanographic and climatic conditions starting first from outcrop analysis (measurements of stratigraphic sections, photos and facies mapping) and subsequently in the laboratory (microfacies analysis, analysis quantitative, correlation between stratigraphic sections, diagenetic analysis and isotope analysis).

Learning outcomes: Successful students will be able to select and select the most effective method of investigation for the study of carbonate sequences, and propose a reconstruction of environmental, oceanographic and climatic evolution.

Educational objectives

The purpose of the course is to provide the basic elements for
understanding the main dynamic mechanisms underlying ocean circulation,
both at the surface and at depth.

To achieve this goal, we will start by illustrating the main
hydrological features and their distribution in the global ocean, and
then move on to the basic processes of ocean dynamics; at the end, these
processes will be applied to the global ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.