Medicine and Surgery

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS Water, organic compounds, mineral salts, trace elements, biological buffers. PROTEINS Amino acids: classification, structure, optical activity, dissociation, isoelectric point and isoionic point. Essential amino acids. Peptide bond. Peptides. Proteins: general properties, classification, concentration determination, general reactions, dissociable groups, isoelectric point. Protein purification techniques. Principles of spectroscopy. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Mechanisms regulating protein function: allostery, covalent modifications, proteolytic cleavage. Proteins of particular biological interest: plasma proteins, immunoglobulins, collagen, hemoproteins. Structure and function of myoglobin and hemoglobin: oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, chloride exchange. Molecular basis of oxygen-binding cooperativity in hemoglobin. Heterotropic allosteric effectors of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin variants and pathological hemoglobins. Blood coagulation proteins. BIOENERGETICS Energy exchange in biological systems. Principles of thermodynamics. High energy bonds. ATP and other triphosphate nucleotides. ATP phosforylation and dephosforylation. Coupled reactions. Trasformation of chemical energy into other forms of energy. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Correlation between redox potential and free energy variation. Substrate-level phosphorylation. Mitochondria. Respiratory chain. Oxidative phosphorylation and theories explaining its mechanism. respiratory chain inhibitors and uncoupling agents. Energy reserves. METABOLISM OF GLUCIDES Digestion and absorption. Phosphorylation and interconversion of hexoses and pentoses. Glycogen synthesis and degradation. Anaerobic and aerobic glucose degradation: glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis. Glycemia and its regulation. DEFENSE MECHANISMS AGAINST REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase. Non enzymatic protection. ETHANOL METABOLISM. Alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase. The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system METABOLISM OF LIPIDS. Digestion and absorption. Lipase and phospholipase. Plasma lipoproteins. Oxidation of fatty acids. Ketogenesis and metabolic acidosis. Fatty acid and fosfolipid biosynthesis. Cholesterol biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. METABOLISM OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS Digestion and absorption of diet proteins. Endopeptidase and esopeptidase. Degradation of endogenous proteins: ubiquitin-proteasome system. Metabolic fate of the amino group: transamination and oxidative deamination. Urea cycle. Metabolic fate of the carbon skeleton: glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Amino acids as precursors of important biomolecules: heme (biosynthesis and catabolism), creatine (biosynthesis and catabolism), glutathione (biosynthesis), bioactive amines (biosynthesis). Transmethylation. Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Biosynthesis and catabolism of purine and pyrimidine bases. BIOCHEMISTRY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hormones: structure, mechanism of action, hormone receptors. Thyroid and parathyroid hormones. Adrenal medullary hormones. Adrenal cortical hormones: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Male and female sex hormones. Hormones of the anterior, intermediate and posterior

Basic knowledge of general and organic chemistry are required. For details,please see https://corsidilaurea.uniroma1.it/it/corso/2021/30894/home https://corsidilaurea.uniroma1.it/sites/default/files/guida_dello_studente_0.pdf

SUGGESTED TEXTBOOKS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) -Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer. Biochemistry. Seventh edition. -Garrett - Grisham. Biochemistry. Latest edition. -Mathews. Biochemistry. Fourth edition. -David L Nelson, Michael M Cox. Principle of Biochemistry. Sixth edition. -Siliprandi - Tettamanti. Biochimica Medica – Strutturale, Metabolica e Funzionale. Quinta edizione - 2018- Piccin Editore. -Donald Voet, Judith G Voet, Charlotte W Pratt. Biochemistry. Fourth edition.

Oral exam covering Biochemistry I and II topics described in the program.

67% attendance in class

Oral exam covering Biochemistry I and II topics described in the program. To pass the exam you must obtain a grade of not less than 18/30. The student must demonstrate that he has acquired sufficient knowledge of the training objectives. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must demonstrate that he has acquired excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, being able to link them in a logical and consistent way.

Oral exam covering Biochemistry I and II topics described in the program.

ENZYMES General concepts. Catalyst and enzyme catalysis. Enzyme specificity: the active site. Mechanism of enzyme action. Principles of enzyme kinetics: reaction rate, the effect of temperature ad pH. Michaelis-Menten equation. Enzyme inhibition: irreversible, competitive, and non-competitive Allosteric enzymes. Regulation of enzyme activity. Isoenzymes. Enzyme classification. Coenzymes and cofactors: structure and function. BIOENERGETICS Energy exchange in biological systems. Principles of thermodynamics. High energy bonds. ATP and other triphosphate nucleotides. ATP phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Coupled reactions. Transformation of chemical energy into other forms of energy. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Correlation between redox potential and free energy variation. Substrate-level phosphorylation. Mitochondria. Respiratory chain. Oxidative phosphorylation and theories explaining its mechanism. respiratory chain inhibitors and uncoupling agents. Energy reserves. METABOLISM OF GLUCIDES Digestion and absorption. Phosphorylation and interconversion of hexoses and pentoses. Glycogen synthesis and degradation. Anaerobic and aerobic glucose degradation: glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis. Glycemia and its regulation. DEFENSE MECHANISMS AGAINST REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase. Non-enzymatic protection. ETHANOL METABOLISM. Alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase. The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system METABOLISM OF LIPIDS. Digestion and absorption. Lipase and phospholipase. Plasma lipoproteins. Oxidation of fatty acids. Ketogenesis and metabolic acidosis. Fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis. Cholesterol biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. METABOLISM OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS Digestion and absorption of diet proteins. Endopeptidase and exopeptidase. Degradation of endogenous proteins: ubiquitin-proteasome system. Metabolic fate of the amino group: transamination and oxidative deamination. Urea cycle. Metabolic fate of the carbon skeleton: glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Amino acids as precursors of important biomolecules: heme (biosynthesis and catabolism), creatine (biosynthesis and catabolism), glutathione (biosynthesis), bioactive amines (biosynthesis). Transmethylation. Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Biosynthesis and catabolism of purine and pyrimidine bases. BIOCHEMISTRY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hormones: structure, mechanism of action, hormone receptors. Thyroid and parathyroid hormones. Adrenal medullary hormones. Adrenal cortical hormones: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Male and female sex hormones. Hormones of the anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobe of the hypophysis. Hormones of the pancreas. Hormones of the adipose tissue. Growth factors. For each hormone: chemistry and mechanism of action.

chemistry and preparatory biochemistry knowledge

-Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer. Biochimica. Settima edizione - 2012 - Zanichelli Editore. -Garrett - Grisham. Biochimica. Data di pubblicazione: febbraio 2014 - Piccin Editore. -Mathews. Biochimica. Data di pubblicazione: ottobre 2014 - Piccin Editore. -David L Nelson, Michael M Cox. I principi di biochimica di Lehninger. Sesta edizione - 2014 - Zanichelli Editore. Siliprandi e Tettamanti. Biochimica Medica strutturale, metabolica e funzionale. Data di pubblicazione: novembre 2013- Piccin Editore. Donald Voet, Judith G Voet, Charlotte W Pratt. Fondamenti di biochimica. Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla quarta edizione americana - 2013 - Zanichelli.

oral exam - biochemistry I and II

mandatory

The exam includes a single oral test relating to biochemistry 1 and 2. It has the objective of ascertaining: a) the degree of knowledge and understanding; b) the ability to apply the skills acquired in the field of medicine; c) the quality of the presentation (clarity, coherence, scientific rigor, completeness, synthesis capacity). It will last about 45 min and includes a variable number of questions relating to the topics of the integrated course.

oral exam - biochemistry I and II