Medicine and Surgery

1)The design of experiments and observational studies -Comparison of treatments -Random allocation -Stratification -Intention-to-treat -Cross-over designs -Experimental units and randomized group designs -Sampling in clinical and epidemiological studies -Cross-sectional studies -Cohort studies -Case-control studies 2) Estimation and significance testing -Sample distributions -Standard error of the sample mean -Confidence intervals -Standard error and confidence intervals for the proportion -Estimation of the difference between two means and between two proportions -Testing a Hypothesis -The Sign Test -Principles of significance testing -Significance levels and error types -Unilateral and bilateral significance tests -Significant, Real and Important -Tests for comparing means and proportions -Tests of significance and confidence intervals -Analysis of variance and comparison of means after analysis of variance 3) Regression and correlation -Scatter plot -Regression -Method of least squares -Standard error of the regression coefficient -Use of the regression line for prediction -Analysis of Residuals -Violation of assumptions in regression -Correlation -Significance test and confidence interval for r -Use of correlation coefficient   4)Rank-based methods (non-parametric), analysis of contingency tables and dichotomous variables -The Mann-Whitney U-test -Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, r -Parametric or non-parametric methods? -The chi-square association test -Fisher's exact test -Odds and Odds Ratio -Logistic regression 5)Clinical measurements -Repeatability and measurement error -Accordance between measurements using Cohen's kappa index -Comparison between two measurement methods -Sensitivity and specificity -Reference interval

Students must have understood the fundamental elements of descriptive and inferential statistics (illustrated respectively in the Medical Statistics module within the integrated course BASIC SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL METHODOLOGY of the Degree in Medicine and Surgery "D" and in the Medical Statistics module within the course integrated PRE-CLINICAL MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY of the Degree in Medicine and Surgery "D")

Douglas Altman: Practical Statistics for Medical Research, Chapman & Hall

Lectures and guided exercises on real data

Students must attend Medical Statistics lessons for at least 67% of the total hours.

Written test with a combination of multiple-choice questions and questions requiring to perform statistical calculations

-Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. -von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. -Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, LijmerJG Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet HCW, Kressel HY, Rifai N, Golub RM, Altman DG, Hooft L, Korevaar DA, Cohen JF, For the STARD Group. STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. -Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KG. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): The TRIPOD statement.

Lectures and guided exercises on real data